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National Physical Therapy Examination: Neuromuscular > Neuromuscular: Anatomy > Flashcards

Neuromuscular: Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Brain: Cerebral Hemispheres: Convolutions

A

Crests=Gyri

Fissures=Sulci

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2
Q

Brain: Cerebral Hemispheres: Major Fissures

A
  • Longitudinal fissure=separates the two hemispheres
  • Central Sulcus=separates the frontal and parietal lobes and the primary motor and sensory cortex.
  • Lateral central fissure=separates the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes.
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3
Q

Brain: Cerebral Hemispheres: Frontal Lobe

A
  • Precentral gyrus (before the central gyrus)=Primary Motor cortex
  • Prefrontal Cortex=Controls emotion and judgement.
  • Broca’s area=Controls motor aspects speech.
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4
Q

Brain: Cerebral Hemispheres: Parietal Lobe

A
  • Postcentral Gyrus (after the central gyrus)=Primary sensory cortex.
  • Receives fibers conveying touch, proprioception, pain, and temperature sensations from opposite side of the body.
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5
Q

Brain: Cerebral Hemispheres: Temporal Lobe

A
  • Primary auditory cortex: Receives and processes auditory stimuli.
  • Associative auditory cortex: Processes auditory stimuli.
  • Wernicke’s Area: Language comprehension.
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6
Q

Brain: Cerebral Hemispheres: Occipital Lobe

A
  • Primary visual cortex: Receives and processes visual stimuli.
  • Visual association cortex: processes visual stimuli
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7
Q

Brain: Cerebral Hemispheres: Insula

A
  • Deep within lateral sulcus associated with visceral functions
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8
Q

Brain: Cerebral Hemispheres: Limbic System

A
  • Consists of limbic lobe, hippocampal formation, amygdaloid nucleus, hypothalamus, and anterior nucleus of the thalamus.
  • Phylogenically oldest part of the brain, concerned with instincts, and emotions contributing to preservation of the individual.
  • Basic functions include feeding, aggression, emotions, and endocrine aspects of sexual response.
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9
Q

Brain: Cerebral Hemispheres: White Matter

A

Myelinated nerve fibers

  • Transverse Fibers: Interconnect the lobes including the corps callosum, anterior commissure, hippocampal commissure.
  • Projection Fibers: Connect cerebral hemispheres with other portions of the brain and spinal cord.
  • Association Fibers: Connect different portions of the cerebral hemispheres allowing cortex to function as an integrated whole.
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10
Q

Brain: Cerebral Hemispheres: Basal Ganglia

A
  • Masses of gray matter deep within the cerebral hemispheres

- Forms an associated extra pyramidal motor system with other nucleon the subthalamas and the midbrain.

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11
Q

Brain: Cerebral Hemispheres: Basal Ganglia Circuits

A
  • Oculomotor: Originates in motor eye field, projects to caudate and functions with saccadic eye movement.
  • Motor: Originates in primary motor and sensory cortex and projects to putamen, excites putamen which in turn excites the ventral lateral nucleus and supplemental motor area to scale movements, suppress conflicting movements, and and prepare for movements.
    Limbic: Originates in prefrontal and limbic areas of cortex to BG and functions to organize behaviors and for procedural learning.
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12
Q

Diencephalon: Thalamus

A
  • Sensory Nuclei: Integrate and relay sensory information from the body, face, retina, cochlea, and tatste receptors to cerebral cortex and subcortical regions except for OLFACTION which is the exception.
  • Motor Nuclei: Relay motor information from the cerebellum and globus pallidus to primary motor cortex.
  • Other: Nuclei assist in the integration of visceral and somatic functions.
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13
Q

Diencephalon: Subthalamus

A
  • Involved in control of several functional pathways
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14
Q

Diencephalon: Hypothalamus

A
  • Integrates and controls the functions of the autonomic nervous system and neuroendocrine system.
  • Maintains body homeostasis regulates body temperature eating, water balance, anterior pituitary function/sexual behavior, and emotion
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15
Q

Diencephalon: Epithalamus

A
  • Habenular nucleus: integrate olfactory, visceral and somatic afferent pathways
  • Pineal Gland: secretes hormones that influence the pituitary gland and several other organs, influences circadian rhythm.
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16
Q

Brainstem: Midbrain

A
  • Connects pons to cerebrum

- Superior peduncle connects midbrain to cerebellum.

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17
Q

Brainstem: Midbrain: Cerebral Peduncles

A
  • Divided into anterior and posterior halves.
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18
Q

Brainstem: Midbrain: Tegmentum

A
  • Contains all ascending and some descending tracts.
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19
Q

Brainstem: Midbrain: Red nucleus

A
  • Receives fibers from cerebellum
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20
Q

Brainstem: Midbrain: Rubrospinal Tract

A
  • Originates here

- Important for coordination

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21
Q

Brainstem: Midbrain: Cranial Nerve Nuclei

A
  • Oculomotor

- Trochlear

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22
Q

Brainstem: Midbrain: Substantia Nigra

A
  • Large motor nucleus.
  • Connects with basal ganglia and cortex.
  • Important for motor control and muscle tone.
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23
Q

Brainstem: Midbrain: Superior Colliculus

A
  • Relay station for vision and visual reflexes.
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24
Q

Brainstem: Midbrain: Inferior Colliculus

A
  • Relay station for hearing and auditory reflexes.
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25
Q

Brainstem: Midbrain: Periaquaductal Gray Matter

A
  • Contains endorphin producing cells and descending tracts that are important for pain and reflex modulation.
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26
Q

Brainstem: Pons:

A
  • Connects medulla oblongata to midbrain

- Allows for passage of ascending and descending tracts.

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27
Q

Brainstem: Pons: Anterior Basal Section

A
  • Bridge to cerebellum.
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28
Q

Brainstem: Pons: Raphe Nuclei

A
  • Important for modulating pain and controlling arousal
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29
Q

Brainstem: Pons: Tegmentum and Cranial Nerve Nuclei

A
  • Abducens
  • Trigeminal
  • Facial
  • Vestibulocochlear
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30
Q

Brainstem: Medulla

A
  • Connects spinal cord with pons
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31
Q

Brainstem: Medulla: Dorsal Columns

A
  • Relay here

- Fibers of dorsal column cross and give rise to medial lemnisucs

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32
Q

Brainstem: Medulla: Inferior cerebellar peduncle

A
  • Relays dorsal spinocerebellar tract to cerebellum.
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33
Q

Brainstem: Medulla: Corticospinal Tracts

A
  • Cross in pyramids
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34
Q

Brainstem: Medulla: Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus

A
  • Originates in vestibular nucleus and extends throughout brainstem and upper cervical spinal cord.
  • Important for control of head movements and gaze stabilization.
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35
Q

Brainstem: Medulla: Olivary Nuclear Complex

A
  • Connects cerebellum to brainstem.

- Important for voluntary movement control.

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36
Q

Brainstem: Medulla: Cranial Nerve Nuclei

A
  • Hypoglossal
  • Dorsal Vagus
  • Vestibulocohclear
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37
Q

Brainstem: Medulla: Centers for Vital Functions

A
  • Cardiac
  • Respiratory
  • Vasomotor centers
38
Q

Cerebellum

A
  • Controls motor function
39
Q

Cerebellum: Flocculonodular Lobe

A
  • Concerned with equilibrium and regulation of muscle tone, helps coordinate vestibulooccular reflex.
40
Q

Cerebellum: Rostral Cerebellum

A
  • Receives information about proprioception
  • Modifies muscle tone and synergistic actions
  • Maintains posture
  • Voluntary movement control
41
Q

Cerebellum: Lateral Cerebellar Hemispheres

A
  • Concerned with the smooth coordination of voluntary movement
  • Ensures accurate force
  • Ensures accurate direction
  • Ensures accurate extend of movement
  • Important for motor learning
  • Important for sequencing of movements
  • Important for visually triggered movements
  • May play a roll in assisting cognitive function and mental imagery
42
Q

Spinal Cord: Gray Matter

A
  • Two anterior ad two posterior horns.
  • Anterior Horn=Efferent motor neurons, alpha motor neurons, gamma motor neurons
  • Posterior Horn=Afferent sensory neurons
43
Q

Spinal Cord: White Matter: Ascending Fiber Systems: Sensory Pathways: Dorsal Column Medial Lemniscus DCML: Sensory Information

A
  • Proprioception
  • Vibration
  • Tactile discrimination
44
Q

Spinal Cord: White Matter: Ascending Fiber Systems: Sensory Pathways: Dorsal Column Medial Lemniscus DCML: Structure

A
  • Fasciculus Cutaneous: Upper extremity tracts laterally.

- Fasciculus Gracilis: Lower extremity tracts medially.

45
Q

Spinal Cord: White Matter: Ascending Fiber Systems: Sensory Pathways: Dorsal Column Medial Lemniscus DCML: Pathway

A
  • Ascend to medulla
  • Fibers cross in medulla
  • Fibers then form medial lemniscus
  • Fibers ascend to thalamus
  • Fibers then ascend to somatosensory cortex
46
Q

Spinal Cord: White Matter: Ascending Fiber Systems: Sensory Pathways: Spinothalamic

A
  • Pain
  • Temperature
  • Crude touch
47
Q

Spinal Cord: White Matter: Ascending Fiber Systems: Sensory Pathways: Spinothalamic: Pathway

A
  • Ascend ipsilateral spinal segments
  • Cross over in brainstem
  • Ascend to ventrolateral spinothalamic system.
48
Q

Spinal Cord: White Matter: Ascending Fiber Systems: Sensory Pathways: Spinocerebellar

A
  • Proprioception from muscle spindles
  • Golgi tendon organs
  • touch and pressure receptors to cerebellum for control of voluntary movements.
49
Q

Spinal Cord: White Matter: Ascending Fiber Systems: Sensory Pathways: Spinocerebellar Pathway

A
  • Dorsal: Ascends to ipsilateral inferior cerebellar peduncle.
  • Ventrospinocerebellar tract ascends to contralateral and ipsilateral superior cerebellar peduncle.
50
Q

Spinal Cord: White Matter: Ascending Fiber Systems: Sensory Pathways: Spinoreticular Tracts

A
  • Convey deep and chronic pain to reticular formation of brainstem via diffuse polysynaptic pathways.
51
Q

Spinal Cord: White Matter: Descending Fiber Systems: Corticospinal Tracts

A
  • Important for voluntary motor control
52
Q

Spinal Cord: White Matter: Descending Fiber Systems: Corticospinal Tracts: Pathway

A
  • Arise from primary motor correct
  • Descends into brainstem
  • Crosses at medulla via lateral corticospinal tract of ventral gray matter.
  • 10% of fibers do not cross and travel in anterior corticospinal tract to cervical and upper thoracic segments.
53
Q

Spinal Cord: White Matter: Descending Fiber Systems: Vestibulospinal Tracts

A
  • Control of muscle tone
  • Antigravity muscles
  • Postural Reflexes
54
Q

Spinal Cord: White Matter: Descending Fiber Systems: Vestibulospinal Tracts: Pathways

A
  • Arises from vestibular nucleus

- Descends to spinal cord in lateral and medial vestibulospinal tracts.

55
Q

Spinal Cord: White Matter: Descending Fiber Systems: Rubrospinal Tracts

A
  • Assist in motor function
56
Q

Spinal Cord: White Matter: Descending Fiber Systems: Rubrospinal Tracts

A
  • Arise in contralateral red nucleus

- Descend into lateral columns to spinal gray matter.

57
Q

Spinal Cord: White Matter: Descending Fiber Systems: Reticulospinal Tracts

A
  • Modifies transmission of sensation
  • Influences gamma motor neurons
  • Influences spinal reflexes
58
Q

Spinal Cord: White Matter: Descending Fiber Systems: Reticulospinal Tracts

A
  • Arises from reticular formation.
  • Descends in ventral and lateral columns.
  • Terminates on dorsal gray and ventral gray.
59
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A
  • Innervates involuntary structures.
60
Q

Autonomic Nervous System: Divisions: Sympathetic

A
  • Fight or flight
  • Emergency Responses
  • Increased Heart Rate and Blood Pressure
  • Constricts peripheral blood vessels
  • Redistributes Blood.
  • Inhibits peristalsis
61
Q

Autonomic Nervous System: Divisions: Parasympathetic

A
  • Conserves and restores homeostasis
  • Slows heart rate
  • Reduced blood pressure
  • Increases Peristalsis
  • Increases glandular activity
62
Q

Central Nervous System Support Structures: Meninges

A
  • Dura Mater: Outer tough fibrous membrane
  • Arachnoid Mater: Delicate vascular membrane
  • Pia Mater: Thin vascular membrane that covers the brain surface
63
Q

Central Nervous System Support Structures: Subarachnoid Space

A
  • Between arachnoid and Pia Mater
  • Contains cerebrospinal fluid
  • Contains Cisterns
  • Contains major arteries
64
Q

Central Nervous System Support Structures: Ventricles

A
  • Four cavities filled with cerebrospinal fluid.
  • Communicate with each other
  • Communicate with spinal cord canal
65
Q

Central Nervous System Support Structures: Ventricles: Lateral

A
  • Largest
  • One on either side
  • Communicates with third ventricle with foramen of Monro.
66
Q

Central Nervous System Support Structures: Ventricles: Third Ventricle

A
  • Posterior and deep to the thalamus.

- Communicates with fourth ventricle via cerebral aquaduct.

67
Q

Central Nervous System Support Structures: Ventricles: Fourth Ventricles

A
  • Located in pons and medulla

- Foramina of Luschka and Magendie communicate with fourth ventricle through subarachnoid space.

68
Q

Central Nervous System Support Structures: Cerebrospinal Fluid

A
  • Provides mechanical support.
  • Controls brain excitability
  • Regulates ionic composition
  • Aids in exchange of nutrients and waste products
  • Produced in choroid plexuses in ventricles.
69
Q

Central Nervous System Support Structures: Blood Brain Barrier

A
  • Selectively allows and restricts certain substances from the blood from entering the CNS.
  • Associated with capillary endothelial cells.
70
Q

Central Nervous System Support Structures: Blood Supply: Carotid System

A
  • Internal carotid artery arises from common carotids and branch to form anterior and middle cerebral arteries.
71
Q

Central Nervous System Support Structures: Blood Supply: Veretebrobasilar system

A
  • Vertebral arteries arise off subclavian arteries and unite to form the basilar arteries.
  • Basilar arteries bifurcate and form posterior cerebral arteries.
72
Q

Central Nervous System Support Structures: Blood Supply: Circle of Willis

A
  • Formed by anterior communicating artery and posterior communicating artery.
  • Anterior connecting artery connects the two anterior cerebral arteries.
  • Posterior connecting artery connects the two posterior posterior and middle cerebral arteries.
73
Q

Central Nervous System Support Structures: Blood Supply: Venous Drainage

A
  • Cerebral veins

- Dural venous sinuses

74
Q

Neurons: Structure

A
  • Cell bodies
  • Dendrites (receive information to cell body)
  • Axons (conduct information away from cell body)
  • Synapses (allow communication between cells via chemical or electrical signals)
75
Q

Neurons: Types

A
  • Nuclei: Compact groups of nerve bodies called ganglia.
  • Projection neurons: Carry information to other parts of the CNS.
  • Interneurons: Short relay neurons that assist in inhibition or excitation of projection neurons or alpha motor neurons.
  • Axon Bundles: Tracts or fasciculi, in the spinal cord, collections of tracts are called columns.
76
Q

Neurons: Neuroglia

A
  • Myelin cells that protect nerve conducting cells.
  • Oligodendrocytes: CNS
  • Schwann Cells: Peripheral nervous system
  • Astrocytes: Reuptake of neurotransmitters after transmission between synapses.
77
Q

Neurons: Physiologic signaling: Resting membrane potential

A
  • Positive on outside
  • Negative on inside
  • (-70mV)
78
Q

Neurons: Physiologic signaling: Depolarization and action potential

A
  • Increased permeability to sodium ions into the cell.
  • Sodium ions move into the cell.
  • Potassium ions move out of the cell.
  • Result in polarity changes.
  • (+35 mV inside)
  • Causes depolarization
  • Generation of an action potential is all or none
79
Q

Neurons: Physiologic signaling: Conduction Velocity

A
  • Dependent on axon diameter

- Dependent on degree of myelination

80
Q

Neurons: Physiologic signaling: Repolarization

A
  • Results from activation of potassium channels.
81
Q

Neurons: Physiologic signaling: Myelinated Axons

A
  • Signals move from gaps between myelin for improved efficiency with nerve conduction.
82
Q

Nerve Fiber Types: A Fibers

A
  • Larger diameter
  • Myelinated,
  • Faster conduction.
83
Q

Nerve Fiber Types: A Fibers: Types

A
  • Alpha: Proprioception, somatic motor
  • Beta: Touch pressure
  • Gamma: Motor to muscle spindles
  • Delta: Fast/sharp/localized pain temperature and crude touch.
84
Q

Nerve Fiber Types: B Fibers

A
  • Small,
  • Myelinated
  • Conduct Less rapidly
  • Pre-ganglionic autonomic
85
Q

Nerve Fiber Types: C Fibers

A
  • Smallest
  • Un-myelinated
  • Slowest conducting
  • Polymodal fibers that respond to mechanical, chemical and thermal stimuli
86
Q

Nerve Fiber Types: C Fibers: Dorsal Root

A
  • Pain
  • Temperature
  • Reflex Responses
87
Q

Nerve Fiber Types: C Fibers: Sympathetic

A
  • Postganglionic sympathetics
88
Q

Peripheral Nerves/Lower Motor Neurons: Motor Efferent

A
  • From motor nuclei or anterior horn cells
89
Q

Peripheral Nerves/Lower Motor Neurons: Sensory Afferent

A
  • From cells outside of brainstem or spinal cord.

- With sensory ganglia or dorsal root ganglia.

90
Q

Peripheral Nerves/Lower Motor Neurons: Autonomic Nervous System

A
  • Sympathetic at thoracolumbar spinal segments.

- Parasympathetic at carniosacral segments.

National Physical Therapy Examination: Neuromuscular (24 decks)

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