Neurology

Question 1

UMN lesion

Answer 1

Involves corticospinal tract

Weakness in upper limb extensors and lower limb flexors(pyramidal distribution)

Hypertonia

Hyperreflexia, clonus

Pronator drift

Question 2

LMN lesion

Answer 2

Lesion at level of anterior horn cell or distal to it

Fasciculation and wasting

Loss of reflexes

Hypotonia

Question 3

Mixed UMN and LMN signs, no sensory loss

Answer 3

Motor neuron disease

Question 4

Optic neuritis

-other things they are say
increase in CSF protein, oligoclonal IgG bands on electrophoresis

Answer 4

MS

Question 5

Parkinsons’s TRAP

Answer 5

tremor, rigidity, akinesia, and postural instability.

Question 6

A young woman presents with muscle weakness

On examination

1. Bilateral ptosis
2. proximal muscle weakness
3. EMG- decreased muscle action potential after continuous stimulation

Answer 6

Myasthenia gravis

Question 7

Gait ataxia, confusion and incontinence

Answer 7

Normal-pressure hydrocephalus

Question 8

Nystagmus
Ophthalamoplegia
Ataxia

Cause by thiamine(Vitamin B1) deficiency

Reversible but if untreated develops to Korsakoff’s syndrome

Answer 8

Wernicke’s encephalopathy

Question 9

Signs of a gross defect in memory of recent events
Confabulation may be present
Condition is irreversible

Answer 9

Korsakoff’s sydrome