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Adult Health > Neurological Conditions > Flashcards

Neurological Conditions Flashcards

1
Q

At which rate must blood flow in the brain be maintained for normal functioning?

A

750-1000mL/min

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2
Q

Which lobe of the brain is affected if the patient has Broca aphasia?

A

Frontal
(Broca is like “boca” which is in front)

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3
Q

Which information will a transcranial doppler ultrasonography (TCD) provide?

A

It measures the velocity of blood flow in the cerebral arteries

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4
Q

What is agnosia?

A

The inability to recognize familiar objects by touch, sight, or sound

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5
Q

Describe the associated defects of each vertebral artery after a stroke

A

Vertebral:
Anterior: Rooting reflex
Middle:
Posterior:

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6
Q

What type of stroke would be suspected if the patient presents with head trauma, a stiff neck, and cranial nerve deficits

A

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

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7
Q

What is digital subtraction angiography?

A
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8
Q

What is carotid duplex scanning?

A
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9
Q

What is an Electroencephalogram (EEG)?

A

Diagnostic test that determines the electrical activity of the brain

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10
Q

What is hemiplegia?

A

Paralysis on one side

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11
Q

What is apraxia?

A

Failure to carry out learned sequential movements on command

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12
Q

Describe the different types of seizures

A

Atonic:
Clonic:
Myoclonic:
Myoclonic-atonic:
Myoclonic-tonic-clonic:
Tonic:
Tonic-clonic:
Hyperkinetic:

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13
Q

What are the 4 phases of a seizure?

A

1) Prodromal phase: Sensation or behavior changes hours or days before a seizure

2) Aural Phase: Sensory warning that is similar each time and is part of the seizure

3) Ictal Phase: Time period from first symptoms to the end of seizure activity

4) Postictal Phase: Recovery period after the seizure

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14
Q

What is an atonic seizure?

A

-B

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15
Q

What is a clonic seizure?

A

-Begins with loss of awareness & sudden loss of muscle tone
-Rhythmic jerking (doesn’t have to be symmetric)

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16
Q

What is a myoclonic seizure?

A
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17
Q

What is a myoclonic-atonic seizure?

A
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18
Q

What is a myoclonic-tonic-clonic seizure?

A
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19
Q

What is a tonic seizure?

A

-Sudden onset of increased muscle tone in extensor muscles
-Occur mostly in sleep
-Usually less than 20 seconds
-Pt usually stays aware

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20
Q

What is a tonic-clonic seizure?

A
  • Most common generalized-onset motor seizure
  • Patient loses consciousness and will fall if standing
  • Body stiffens for 10-20 seconds (tonic phase) and then the extremities jerk (clonic phase)
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21
Q

What is a hyperkinetic seizure?

A
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22
Q

Describe a focal awareness seizure

A

-Patient is conscious and alert but has unusual feelings or sensations
-Sudden & unexplainable feelings of joy, anger, sadness, or nausea
-May hear, smell, taste, see, or feel things that are not real
-May have localized twitching

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23
Q

Describe a focal impaired awareness seizure

A

-Loss of consciousness or change in awareness
-Eyes are open
-Movements seem purposeful but cannot interact with others
-Can do things that are dangerous or embarrassing
-Last 1-2 minutes
-No memory of activity during seizure

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24
Q

What is a psychogenic nonepileptic seizure?

A

Imitate seizures but are triggered by emotional events instead of neuronal activity

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25
Q

What is status epilepticus?

A

State of continuous seizure activity and can occur with any type of seizre

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26
Q

What is an aura regarding seizure disorders?

A

An unusual sensation or feeling that warns of an impending seizure

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27
Q

During a generalized-onset tonic-clonic seizure, when should you call EMS?

A

-Longer than 5 minutes
-Events recur without recovering
-Irregular breathing pattern
-Injury
-Pregnancy
-Don’t know if it’s a 1st time seizure

28
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary restless leg syndrome?

A

Primary:
-Genetic link
-Cause is unknown

Secondary:
-Iron deficiency
-Renal disease
-Hemodialysis
-Neuropathy

29
Q

What are first-line therapy drugs for restless leg syndrome?

A

Antiseizure drugs

30
Q

How long does the tonic phase of a tonic-clonic seizure last?

A

10-20 seconds

31
Q

What class of medications can worsen symptoms of restless leg syndrome?

A

Antihistamines

32
Q

Describe the location of tension-type headaches

A

Bilateral base of skull

33
Q

What is the first-choice drug to prevent cluster headaches?

A

Verapamil

34
Q

Which cranial nerve is the trigeminal nerve?

A

5th CN

35
Q

What are some manifestations of trigeminal neuralgia 1?

A

Excruciating pain in lips, gums, cheek, forehead, or side of nose
Can last a few seconds to several minutes and can happen 1-50 times per day

36
Q

What are some manifestations of trigeminal neuralgia?

A

Pain has a lower intensity than in TN 1 and does not subside completely

37
Q

What can cause a pain episode of trigeminal neuralgia?

A

Light touch at a trigger point that can be caused by:

-Brushing teeth
-Chewing
-Face washing
-Yawning
-Talking
-Blast of hot or cold air on face

38
Q

What are some drug classes that can be used to treat TN?

A

-Antiseizure drugs
-Tricyclic antidepressants
-Local nerve blocks

39
Q

What is Bell’s Palsy?

A

Temporary facial paresis due to damage or trauma to the facial nerve

40
Q

Which cranial nerve is the facial nerve?

A

CN VII

41
Q

What is the most common facial nerve disorder?

A

Bell’s Palsy

42
Q

What are the risk factors of Bell’s Palsy?

A

Obesity
Hypertension
Diabetes

43
Q

What are some symptoms of Bell’s Palsy?

A

-Drooping of eyelid and corner of mouth
-Drooling
-Facial twitching
-Dryness of eye or mouth
-Facial numbness
-Altered taste
-Hearing loss
-Excessive tearing in 1 eye

44
Q

What does the suffix esthesia mean?

A

Ability to feel sensations

45
Q

What is Guillain-Barre syndrome?

A

Autoimmune process that occurs soon after a viral or bacterial infection

46
Q

Describe the etiology of GBS

A

After an infection, the immune response can injury the myelin sheath or the nerve axon itself

47
Q

What 2 treatments are most effective if done within the first 2 weeks of symptom onset?

A

-Plasma exchange (plasmapheresis)
-High dose IV Immunoglobulin

48
Q

What are the similarities in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy and GBS?

A

-Both are autoimmune diseases that damage and demyelinate the nerves

49
Q

What are the differences in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy and GBS?

A

Onset:
GBS is rapid and CIDP is gradual

Treatment:
Steroids won’t work with GBS. CIDP is treated using everything GBS uses plus steroids

Causes:
GBS preceded by infection. CIDP doesn’t have a preceding illness

50
Q

What are the classic presentations of patients with CIDP?

A

-Progressive symptoms lasting over 2 months
-More weakness than sensory deficits
-Symmetric weakness in arms and legs
-Impaired sensation
-Paresthesia and dysesthesia
-Decreased or absent reflexes in all extremities

51
Q

What is found in the CSF for GBS and CIDP that can be used as a diagnosis?

A

High protein levels

52
Q

What medications are given to a patient with tetanus?

A

-Diazepam and Barbiturates for sedation and relaxation of muscles

-Neuromuscular blocking agents to paralyze muscles

-Antibiotics

53
Q

What is autonomic dysreflexia?

A

A life-threatening condition when the autonomic system overreacts and causes a severe increase in blood pressure

54
Q

What are clinical manifestations of autonomic dysreflexia?

A

-Hypertension
-Throbbing headache
-Sweating above level of injury
-Goosebumps
-Skin flushing
-Blurred vision/spots
-Nasal congestion
-Anxiety
-Nausea

55
Q

What are the immediate interventions for a patient suffering from autonomic dysreflexia?

A

-Elevate head of bed 45 degrees or sit patient upright
-Determine cause
-Notify HCP

56
Q

What drug classes are used to treat a neurogenic bladder

A

-Anticholinergic (suppress bladder contraction)
-alpha-Adrenergic (relax urethral sphincter)
-Antispasmodic (decrease spasticity of pelvic floor muscles)
-Botox

57
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary spinal cord tumors?

A

Primary: Arise from some part of the spinal cord
Secondary: Started somewhere else in the body and metastasized to the spinal cord

58
Q

What are early symptoms of spinal cord tumors?

A

-Back pain that radiates along nerve path that worsens with:
-activity
-coughing
-straining
-lying down

59
Q

Name the types of spinal cord tumors based on the location in the spinal cord?

A

Intradural-extramedullary: Meningiomas, neurofibromas, schwannomas

Extradural: Metastatic lesions, benign schwannomas

Intramedullary: Astrocytomas, ependymomas

60
Q

Why should a wrench always be close to a patient with a halo vest?

A

In case emergency removal of the vest is needed

61
Q

What are the differences between spinal shock and neurogenic shock?

A

Spinal shock:
-May occur shortly after SCI
-Loss of deep tendon reflexes
-Loss of sphincter
-Loss of sensation
-Flaccid paralysis below level of injury

Neurogenic:
-Occurs from unchecked parasympathetic response
-Causes peripheral vasodilation, venous pooling, and decreased cardiac output
-Manifestations include hypotension (<90 mm Hg), bradycardia, and temperature dysregulation

62
Q

Any cord injury above what level will lead to SNS dysfunction?

A

T6

63
Q

What is tic douloureux?

A

Another name for trigeminal neuralgia

64
Q

Which level of spinal injury could result in failure of the diagphram?

A

C3-C5

65
Q

What are the signs of neurogenic shock?

A

-Peripheral vasodilation
-Venous pooling
-Blood pressure <90
-Temperature dysregulation

66
Q
A

Adult Health (14 decks)

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