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Adult Health > Musculoskeletal Conditions > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal Conditions Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 types of joint surgeries?

A

Synovectomy
Osteotomy
Debridement

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2
Q

What is arthroplasty?

A

Reconstruction or replacement of a joint to relieve pain, improve or maintain ROM, and correct deformity

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3
Q

Describe an open fracture

A

Skin is broken
Bone is exposed
Causes soft tissue injury

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4
Q

Describe a closed fracture

A

Skin is intact over break site

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5
Q

Describe a complete fracture

A

Break goes completely through the bone

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6
Q

Describe an incomplete fracture

A

Occurs partly through the bone shaft
Bone is still intact

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7
Q

Describe the 5 different types of fracture lines

A

Linear
Oblique
Transverse
Longitudinal
Spiral

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8
Q

Describe the different between a displaced fracture and a nondisplaced fracture

A

Nondisplaced: Bone fragments stay in alignment

Displaced: Two ends of the bone are separated from each other and out of their normal positions

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9
Q

What is crepitation?

A

The audible crunching of bone fragments

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10
Q

What are the 6 stages of bone fracture healing?

A

1) Fracture hematoma; first 72 hours

2) Granulation Tissue; 3-14 days

3) Callus formation; end of 2nd week

4) Ossification 3 weeks - 6 months

5) Consolidation; up to 1 year

6) Remodeling

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11
Q

What is angulation in fracture healing?

A

A complication that occurs when fracture heals in an abnormal position in relation to midline

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12
Q

What is malunion in fracture healing?

A

A complication that occurs when heals on time but in the wrong place (angulation is a type of malunion)

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13
Q

What is myositis ossificans?

A

A complication that occures when calcium is deposited into the muscle tissue

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14
Q

For which reason would traction be used in the care of a patient with a bone fracture?

A

-Reduce a fracture
-Immobilize a joint
-Prevent muscle spasms
-Treat a pathological joint condition

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15
Q

What type of cast would be used for a child with a fractured femur?

A

Hip spica

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16
Q

What is the Tinel sign and the Phalen sign?

A

Tinel Sign: Positive when you tap where the median nerve enters the wrist and tingling feeling is felt through the hand

Phalen Sign: Let the wrist freely fall to allow maximum flexion. Positive when tingling is felt in the hand

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17
Q

What are osteophytes?

A

Extra, lumpy bone growths

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18
Q

What is hemiarthroplasty?

A

Replacement of the femur head with a prothesis

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19
Q

What is mesenteric artery syndrome?

A

Gastrovascular disorder when the duodenum is compressed between the abdominal aorta and the superior mesenteric artery

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20
Q

What body part is at risk for superior mesenteric artery syndrome when sustaining a fracture?

A

Vertebrae

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21
Q

What is a greenstick fracture?

A

An incomplete fracture with one side splintered and the other side bent

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22
Q

What is footdrop?

A

A condition that makes it difficult to raise the from part of the foot

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23
Q

What action does the nurse take to prevent footdrop in a patient who has a long leg cast?

A

Apply a splint to keep the foot in a neutral position

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24
Q

What condition can potentially displace a fracture?

A

Muscle spasms

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25
Q

A patient with a knee fracture reports an increase in muscle spasms. What does the nurses suspect that the patient is doing to cause the spasms?

A

Massaging the muscle

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26
Q

What are 3 functions of the Buck traction?

A

1) It immobilizes the fracture
2) It reduces muscle spasms
3) It prevents or reduces pain

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27
Q

What is bursitis?

A

Painful condition that occurs when the fluid-filled sacs that cushion joints become inflamed

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28
Q

What does subluxation mean?

A

Dislocation

29
Q

What is impingement syndrome?

A

Entrapment of soft tissue structures under the coracoacromial arch of the shoulder

30
Q

What is the McMurray test?

A

A test done to diagnose a torn meniscus

31
Q

What condition can occur if a torn meniscus is left untreated for a long period of time?

A

Quad atrophy

32
Q

What is the Homan sign?

A

A test where the foot is dorsiflexed while the knee is extended to check for pain in the calf. Used to diagnose Deep Vein Thrombosis

33
Q

When performing a physical examination of a patient, how does the nurse assess the function of the peroneal nerve?

A

Assess dorsiflexion of the foot
Assess sensation in the web space between the first and second toes

34
Q

What is the Lachman test?

A

Test done to evaluate the integrity of the ACL

35
Q

How does smoking contribute to lower back pain?

A

Tobacco use impairs circulation to the intervertebral discs

36
Q

What is cada equina?

A

The cada equina is a bundle of nerve nerves at the end of the spinal cord. When they are compressed or disrupted, it is known as cada equina syndrome and it is a medical emergency

37
Q

What is Sjorgen syndrome?

A

Chronic autoimmune disease that attacks body’s glands that produce saliva and tears. Can also cause dr

38
Q

How is Fibromyalgia diagnosed?

A

-Widespread Pain Index: Pain in11/18 tender points over past week
Criteria:
-WPI score of 7+ and Symptom Severity Index (SSI) of 5+ OR
-WPI 3-6 & SSI 9+
-Fatigue
-Cognitive symptoms

39
Q

What is SEID?

A

Systemic Exertion Intolerance Disease; disease in which exertion of any sort (physical, emotional, cognitive) is impaired and accompanied by profound fatigue

40
Q

Why do women rarely develop gout?

A

Estrogen promoted renal excretion of uric acid

41
Q

What is the difference between Primary and Secondary Hyperuricemia?

A

Primary: Genetic lack of uricase
Secondary: Increased uric production, Decreased uric acid excretion, Drugs

42
Q

What is the normal range of uric acid levels?

A

2.7-8.5mg/dL

43
Q

What are 3 ways that gout can be diagnosed?

A

1) Uric acid levels
2) Synovial Fluid Aspiration
3) X-rays

44
Q

How is the symmetry in osteoarthritis symptoms?

A

Is usually asymmetric

45
Q

What is Systemic Lupus Erythematosus?

A

Autoimmune disease caused by genetic, hormonal, environmental, and immune factors mostly affecting women

46
Q

What is the most common symptom of SLE?

A

Skin lesions like butterfly rash

47
Q

What is Scleroderma?

A

Chronic autoimmune disease that causes the skin to thicken and harden

48
Q

What is CREST syndrome?

A

Symptoms of scleroderma:

C: Calcinosis
R: Raynaud Phenomenon
E: Esophageal Dysfunction
S: Sclerodactyly (tightening of skin on fingers and toes leading to semi flexed positions)
T: Telangiectasia (red spots on skin from capillary dilation)

49
Q

What clinical manifestation is associated with osteoarthritis?

A

Crepitation in the weight-bearing joints

50
Q

Which synovial fluid analysis finding is suggestive of rheumatoid arthritis?

A

-Presence of fibrin flecks
-Elevated WBC count
-Increased matrix metallopeptidase (MMP-3 enzyme)

51
Q

What is a varus deformity?

A

Condition where the distal part of a bone or joint angulates inwards

52
Q

What is Reiter syndrome?

A

Reactive arthritis that usually activates after a bacterial infection

53
Q

Which symptoms are associated with Reiter syndrome?

A

Urethritis
Cervicitis
Conjunctivitis
Mucocutaneous lesions

54
Q

Which factors can precipitate gout?

A

Starvation & dehydration
Niacin
Aspirin

55
Q

Fatigue and fever are present in what kind of arthritis?

A

Rheumatoid

56
Q

What is Felty Syndrome?

A

A combination of an enlarged spleen and a low white blood cell count due to rheumatoid arthritis

57
Q

What medication can be prescribed for a patient recently diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis

A

Methotrexate

58
Q

Which assessment findings may be associated with rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Joint stiffness
Dry itchy eyes
Rheumatoid nodules
Atherosclerosis
High WBC count

59
Q

What diagnostic tests might be the same for RA and OA?

A

High erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
Narrowed join space in x-ray

60
Q

What is the Gottron sign?

A

A characteristic skin rash, appearing as red or purple, scaly patches on the back of the hands, elbows, and knees, typically seen in patients with EARLY dermatomyositis

61
Q

What can a positive Gottron sign indicate?

A

Dermatomyositis

62
Q

What condition is common is long-standing dermatomyositis?

A

Calcinosis cutis

63
Q

What type of medication may be prescribed as an alternative to an antimalarial drug for a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus?

A

Antileprosy

64
Q

What is malar rash also known as?

A

Butterfly rash

65
Q

What clue would indicate that a patient has ankylosing spondylitis?

A

AS primarily affects the axial skeleton so increasing lower back pain, stiffness, and limited motion would be indicators

66
Q

Why is Tylenol not used for inflammation?

A

Decreased pain and fevers but does not provide an antiinflammatory effect

67
Q

What is the antidote for acetaminophen toxicity?

A

Acetylcysteine

68
Q

How can the common side effects of morphine be minimized?

A

Increased fluid and fiber in diet

69
Q
A

Adult Health (14 decks)

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