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Adult Health > Hematologic Problems > Flashcards

Hematologic Problems Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common type of leukemia in children?

A

Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia

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2
Q

Describe the characteristics of Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia

A

-Immature small lymphocytes proliferate in the bone marrow
-Sudden fever and bleeding may appear as symptoms
-Other symptoms may include weakness, fatigue, bone/joint pain, bleeding

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3
Q

What is a hallmark diagnosis of Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia?

A

Philadelphia Chromosome (but also found in AML and ALL)

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4
Q

What is the Philadelphia Chromosome?

A

When pieces of chromosome 9 and 22 break off and switch places

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5
Q

What is the most common leukemia founds in adults in the US?

A

Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

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6
Q

Describe the lymphocytes that are produced and accumulated in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

A

-Functionally Inactive
-Long-lived
-Small
-Appear mature

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7
Q

How does leukemia cause bone marrow failure?

A

-Bone marrow is overcrowded by abnormal cells (blast cells replace bone marrow)
-Inadequate production of normal marrow elements

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8
Q

What is induction therapy?

A

Aggressive treatment that tries to target the destruction of leukemic cells

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9
Q

What is thrombocytopenia?

A

A condition where the number of platelets in your blood is too low which can lead to excessive bleeding

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10
Q

What are the two major types of lymphomas?

A

Hodgkin Lymphoma and Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

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11
Q

What are abnormal, giant, multinucleated cells found in Hodgkin Lymphoma called?

A

Reed-Sternberg cells

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12
Q

What percentage of patients with Hodgkin lymphoma are cured?

A

85%

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13
Q

What are the 3 main interacting factors of Hodgkin Lymphoma?

A

-Infection with Epstein-Barr virus
-Genetic predisposition
-Exposure to occupational toxins

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14
Q

Which lymph nodes are usually enlarged as an initial manifestation of Hodgkin Lymphoma?

A

-Cervical
-Axillary
-Inguinal

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15
Q

Describe multiple myeloma

A

Cancerous plasma cells proliferate in the bone marrow and destroy bone

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16
Q

What are 4 clinical manifestations of Multiple Myeloma?

A

-Skeletal pain
-Renal & GI problems
-Serum hyperviscosity syndrome
-Neurologic problems

17
Q

Skeletal pain is a common manifestation of multiple myeloma. Which locations are a common source of pain?

A

-Pelvis
-Spine
-Ribs

18
Q

What might you see in an xray of a patient with multiple myeloma?

A

Osteolytic lesions

19
Q

What is a normal platelet count?

A

150,000 - 450,000

20
Q

What is thrombocytopenia?

A

Reduction in platelets less than 150,000

21
Q

What are schistocytes?

A

Fragmented RBCs

22
Q

What do schistocyte levels indicate?

A

They can indicate partial occlusive of small vessels

23
Q

Which diagnosis is confirmed by a biopsy showing Reed-Sternberg cells?

A

Hodgkin Lymphoma

24
Q

Which type of leukemia is characterized by the proliferation of immature small lymphocytes in the bone marrow?

A

Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL)

25
Q

Which type of leukemia is characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of myeoblasts?

A

Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML)

26
Q

What type of leukemia is characterized by the accumulation of small, mature-appearing lymphocytes?

A

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)

27
Q

What type of leukemia is characterized by an excessive development of mature neoplastic granulocytes in the bone marrow?

A

Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)

28
Q

A patient with which type of leukemia is likely to experience central nervous system manifestations of the disease?

A

Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL)

29
Q

What diagnostic study is helpful is determining the clinical stage of Hodgkin lymphoma?

A

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

30
Q

Which type of leukemia accounts for the majority of acute leukemia in adults?

A

Acute Myelogenous Leukemia (AML)

31
Q

Which diagnostic finding is a hallmark of chronic myelogenous leukemia?

A

Presence of Philadelphia chromosome

32
Q

What is the acronym to remember the most common chemotherapeutic regimen prescribed for early-stage Hodgkin lymphoma?

A

ABVD regimen

Adriamycin, Bleomycin, Vinblastine, Dacarbazine

33
Q

What is a lymphoblast?

A

An immature lymphocyte

34
Q

What should a nurse check before administering Rituximab?

A

If the patient has Hepatitis B since the medication could reactivate it

35
Q

What is the maximum rate of infusion for a transfusion of packed red blood cells?

A

2mL/minute

36
Q

What is the maximum amount of time that a RBC transfusion should take and why?

A

4 hours; increased risk of bacterial growth in the product once it is out of refrigeration

37
Q
A

Adult Health (14 decks)

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