Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIOLOGY 2 > Neurobiology > Flashcards

Neurobiology Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what makes up the CNS?

A

brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what makes up the peripheral nervous system?

A

somatic (sensory info and signals from CNS to muscles) and autonomic (regulates internal environment)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

whats the difference between parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system?

A

para - generally calming

sympathetic - generally arousing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what makes up the forebrain?

A

basal ganglia, cerebral hemisphere, diencephalon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what makes up the midbrain and hindbrain?

A

brain stem which is made up of midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
hindbrain makes it all up and also includes the spinal cord and cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what makes up a neuron?

A

cell body/soma, dendrites, axon, axon hillcock, axon terminal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

function of cell body and axon?

A

cell body - integrates input and converts to output

axon - conducts output signal and terminal transmits the output

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are microglia?

A

small mesodermally derived, defensive function - immune cells of the CNS - can become macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are astroglia?

A

star shaped, symmetrical, nutritive and support function
support neurons by physically separating cells
- regulating K conc
- remove neurotransmitters after they’ve been realised by neurons
- release growth factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what’s the potential of the inside of the cell?

A

-50 - 70mV (inside more negative than outside)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

whats the action potential graph like?

A

steady then curves up to overshoot (+40mV)
dips to the undershoot (-70mV)
raises again to resting potential (-65mV)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what’s the action potential?

A

sodium/potassium pump action - it propagates down the axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

why can’t the action potential go backwards?

A

due to the absolute refractory period - recovery time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

why is mylein important?

A

insulates to prevent leakage of ions - help action potentials travel faster

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what’s synaptic transmission?

A

action potentials depolarise the axon terminal causing the fusion of vesicles to the plasma membrane and release of neurotransmitters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are the two types of receptors?

A

ionotropic - ligand gated

metabotropic - g-protein receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

how do excitatory transmitters work?

A

activate receptors that allow sodium influx driving towards action potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

how do inhibitory transmitters work?

A

activate receptors that allow chlorine influx which drives away from action potential threshold

19
Q

how does our brain make sense of the world?

A

detect physical stimulus to transduce it into a change in membrane potential to convert it into action potentials in sensory cell to transmit signal to sensory regions of brain to perception or conscious experience

20
Q

how does the eye work?

A

light focused by retina - where transduction of the light occurs
photoreceptors pass info on to ganglion cells which then have the axons that come together to make up the optic nerve
detection of light by rods and cones

21
Q

where does the information from your right eye go?

A

to the left hemisphere

22
Q

whats in the somatosensory system?

A 
skin receptors 
free nerve endings - temp and pain
hair follices - touch moving hair 
meissners corpuscles - light touch 
merkels discs - pressure
ruffinis endings - pressure 
pacinian corpuscles - vibration
23
Q

why can we tell if there are two things touching our skin?

A

receptor density and number of sensory neurons touched

24
Q

where does sensory info come in?

A

dorsal root ganglion cell

25
Q

parts that make up the spinal cord?

A

cervical cord, thorasic cord, lumbar cord, sacral cord

26
Q

how is sensory info transmitted?

A

info travels up dorsal column into medulla, here the dorsal column nuclei recieve the info and pass it onto the brain, axons cross over to the other side and travel through the brain stem to the thalamus and another synapse here which will send it to the cortex

27
Q

where do we get most of our sensory info?

A

fingers, lips

28
Q

types of muscles?

A

smooth, cardiac, striated

29
Q

what helps us move?

A

motor neurons, unevenly distributed - more in legs

30
Q

how does reflex work?

A

simple motor action, evoked by a sensory stimulus

31
Q

types of reflex?

A

stretch - movement
autogenic inhibition reflex - prevents over stretch
flexor - withdrawl in response to harmful stimuli
crossed extensor - distributes load evenly

32
Q

how does stretch reflex work?

A

action potentials flow through axon from muscle spindle into spinal cord to the motor neuron where glutamate is used to stimulate the sensory neuron and this causes the muscle to retract

33
Q

which neurones are involved with pain reflex?

A

flexor, excitatory neurons and motor neurons

34
Q

what is locomotion controlled by?

A

neural networks, central pattern generations

35
Q

what does the motor cortex do?

A

complex and precise movements - lateral pathway is fine movements

36
Q

what does the basal ganglia do?

A

voluntary movements

37
Q

what does the cerebellum do?

A

coordination of movements, error detection
copy of commands sent to cerebellum, as is sensory feedback, the two then compared and if feedback differs from expected the error can be rectified

38
Q

what do the four lobes do?

A

temporal - auditory perception
pariteal - somatic sensation
occipital - visual perception
frontal - motor control

39
Q

ways to study brain functions?

A

EEG, PET scan, fMRI

40
Q

what do split brain patients do?

A

if two objects, draw one but say the other

41
Q

what are the symptoms of parkinsons?

A

tremours, akineasia (difficulty initiating movement), bradykinesia (slow movements), shuffling gait

42
Q

what causes parkinsons and how is it treated?

A

loss of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra

deep brain stimulation, pharmacological 2-DOPA

43
Q

what is alzheimers and what are the symptoms?

A

neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques
disrupted brain function and shrinkage of brain tissue
memory loss, language difficulties, progressive dementia

44
Q

what is motor neuron disease and how is it managed?

A

progressive loss of motor neurons, death within 3/4 years
no effective treatment
managed through glutamate mediated excitotoxity, protein aggregates and mitochondria dysfunction

BIOLOGY 2 (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions