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BIOLOGY 2 > Evolution > Flashcards

Evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

What is taxonomy?

A

A way to understand how organisms are related and a way to organise and categorise based on common descent

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2
Q

What is the classification system?

A 
Kingdom 
Phylum
Class
Order 
Family
Genus 
Species
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3
Q

What are splitters?

A

If they can’t tell two animals apart will put them in different species

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4
Q

What are high levels of synonymy associated with?

A

High levels of morphological variability

Large geographical ranges

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5
Q

What are the five kingdoms?

A 
Animal
Plant
Protist
Fungi
Monera
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6
Q

How do heterotrophs get food?

A

Absorption, ingestion and digestion

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7
Q

How do autotrophs get food?

A

Make it via photosynthesis

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8
Q

What is microevolution?

A

Change in allele frequency over generations, associated phenotypic changes and changes within species

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9
Q

What’s macroevolution?

A

Changes above species level eg speciation

Or the emergence of flight

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10
Q

What is descent with modification ?

A

Descent from a common ancestor

Adaption to environment generating diversity and adaptedness

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11
Q

What’s artificial selection?

A

Humans creating an environment to favour selected traits

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12
Q

What did Malthus believe?

A

Most of human suffering due to limited resources

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13
Q

Factors of natural selection

A 
Environment imposed challenges for survival/reproduction
Variation 
Best genes move on to next generation 
Not random 
Selection biased
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14
Q

What is fitness?

A

Potential for reproductive success, producing young that survive to breed themselves

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15
Q

What’s special about the Nara nettles?

A

Have more stinging leaves to defend against deer

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16
Q

What happened to Galapagos finches after a drought?

A

Bill morphology

Larger seeds left so birds with larger bills selected for

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17
Q

What’s sexual selection?

A

Where various factors like avoiding predation, outcompeting rivals and ability to find food influence reproductive success

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18
Q

What’s Batemans principle?

A

Males must compete to mate with females, females are choosy and select the higher quality male

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19
Q

What does females choose males for?

A

Strongest
Resistant of disease
Those that will provide ‘sexy sons’ - reproductive success is higher

20
Q

Males advertise via?

A

male ornaments, contests
nupital gifts
prolonged courtship
honest advertising of quality

21
Q

what are male secondary sex characteristics?

A

sexual dimorphic, appear following maturity

sexually selected - males where these traits are more pronounced leave more offspring

22
Q

whats runaway sexual selection?

A

explains the elaborate and costly male ornaments, positive feedback
strong enough female preference can counter natural selection

23
Q

what do honest signals advertise?

A

strength, vigour = fitness

24
Q

what is the benefit of females mating with multiple males?

A

choice, sperm will be in competition with each other to fertilize the egg

25
Q

how can females choose sperm?

A

increase likelihood of a certain sperm, slowing or killing non-preferred sperm e.g close relatives can help best choice fertilize the egg

26
Q

what is sexual selection?

A

those that have greatest fitness will survive to reproduce and mate, greater attraction, greater likelihood of getting the mate

27
Q

how can we study natural selection?

A

make predictions about evolutionary responses

28
Q

why are guppies important?

A

model organism in evolutionary ecology

29
Q

why do guppies have colourful markings or not?

A

predation - if predators more likely to see and eat colourful ones why be colourful?
sexual selection - stronger in low predation areas

30
Q

why do sexual and natural selection conflict?

A

sexual favours elaborate traits, this makes it easier to be seen/eaten

31
Q

what happens to guppies in high predation areas?

A

females relax their sexual preferences - accept males with less colorful markings

32
Q

what influences reproductive success?

A

age, size, longevity, no. offspring and quality of offspring per clutch

33
Q

whats good about shoaling?

A

anti predator behavior

34
Q

morphological definition of a species?

A

shape or form of body parts

35
Q

ecological definition of a species?

A

species may interbreed but may supply different niches

36
Q

how do species form?

A

gene flows diverge, speciation, populations accumulate differences via mutations so become different, gene flow counters this

37
Q

what are reproductive barriers?

A

without gene-flow small mutations add up until members of the two populations can’t interbreed

38
Q

what is allopatric speciation?

A

gene flow prevented when populations becomes separated by geographical barriers
once separated populations diverge and natural selection plays a role

39
Q

whats genetic drift?

A

change in frequency of an allele in a population due to random sampling
when pop divided each might not have representative sample of genetic diversity - especially if small

40
Q

what drives speciation?

A

physical and behavioural reproductive barriers

41
Q

what’s sympatric speciation?

A

reproductive barriers leading to subset of population not mating with other subsets

42
Q

whats polyploidy?

A

speciation occurs during an error in cell division leading to cells with an extra set of chromosomes

43
Q

whats habitat differentiation?

A

a subset population uses a new component of the habitat leading to reproductive barriers arising - can give differences in resource availabilty

44
Q

pre-zygotic reproductive barriers

A

habitat, temporal, behavioural, mechanical, gametic isolation

45
Q

post-zygotic reproductive barriers

A

after mating, things that mean fertilised eggs will not lead to viable offspring e.g hybrid breakdown

BIOLOGY 2 (21 decks)

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