Lungs Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
1
Q

where do arteries carry blood?

A

heart to capillaries

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2
Q

features of arteries?

A

pressure reservoir - thick walls and smooth muscle to withstand pressure
controls flow to capillary beds
connective tissue limits stretch to avoid rupture
dampen oscillations in pressure and flow - even flow

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3
Q

how is flow to capillary beds controlled?

A

smooth muscle in arteriole contracts decreasing flow or relaxes allowing flow
rings of smooth muscle controls flow between arterioles and venules
controlled by sympathetic nervous system blood either goes to organs or is diverted e.g to muscle during exercise

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4
Q

pulse pressure

A

systolic - diastolic

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5
Q

what happens in arterioles?

A

decline in pressure due to friction

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6
Q

whats special about veins?

A

no pulse

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7
Q

features of veins?

A
can't retain shape without blood
transports from capillaries to heart 
storage reservoir 
valves prevent backflow
skeletal muscle activity helps return blood to heart
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8
Q

diseases involving circulatory system?

A

thrombophlebtis - pooling of blood leading to clots
deep vein thrombosis - blood clots (embolus) if in brain its a stroke
heart disease - block of blood vessel by clot
atherosclerosis - cholesterol plaques and fiborous tissue in walls of arteries causing them to loose their elasticity - if breaks thrombus forms

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9
Q

where do capillaries take blood?

A

arterioles to venules

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10
Q

features of capillaries?

A
dense
cross section increases 
velocity decreased
pressure decreased
friction increased
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11
Q

breathing process?

A

air come in though nasal cavity where its warmed/moistened
joins food passage at pharynx air comes in dorsally, leaves ventrally - food opposite
leaves pharynx and enters larynx where it passes into the trachea which divides into the bronchi which subdivides into the alveoli

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12
Q

what prevents food going into the trachea?

A

epiglotis/soft pallate

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13
Q

what does the rate of transfer depend on?

A

area, distance so need large area and small diffusion distances

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14
Q

features of trachea?

A

mucus secreted, cartilage

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15
Q

features of the alveoli?

A

fluid film, smooth muscle, elastin fibres, large surface area

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16
Q

how do frogs breathe?

A

postive pressure
gulp air into mouth, close nares and raise buccal floor forcing air into lungs, squeeze on lungs and elasticity forces air out, close glottis and raise buccal floor to empty mouth

17
Q

how does inhalation work?

A

diaphragm contracts, space between pleural membranes filled and air brought in

18
Q

how does exhalation work?

A

diaphgram relaxes, elasticity drives air out and cycle replaces air in lungs with air outside

19
Q

how is carbon dioxide transported?

A

5% as dissolved CO2
5% attatched to haemoglobin
90% as bicarbonate ions

20
Q

features of haemoglobin?

A

protein with 4 subunits and a haem group with iron attatched so easier to bind with oxygen

21
Q

what is cooperativity?

A

when one subunit looses an oxygen it makes it easier for the rest to loose it - decreasing affinity