Neuro System I: Neuroanatomy

Question 1

Neurons are the ___ functional units of the nervous system. They have a high requirement of ___. They cannot ___ but can ___ cell processes if the cell body remains intact.

Answer 1

1. Basic
2. Oxygen
3. Reproduce
4. Regenerate

Question 2

Name the parts

Answer 2

Question 3

Axons…
Dendrites…

Answer 3

1. Conducts nerve impulses away
2. Receive stimuli

Question 4

Types of axons
1. Myelinated:
2. Myelin sheath:

Answer 4

1. Myelinated: Conduct impulses faster then unmyelinated ones.
2. Myelin sheath: Cell membrane of glial cells tightly wrapped around the axon.

Question 5

Parts of the CNS

Answer 5

Brain & spinal cord

Question 6

Parts of the PNS

Answer 6

1. Extended outward from the central axis toward the periphery of the body
2. Cranial nerves originate directly from the brain.
3. Spinal nerves emerge from the spinal cord

Question 7

Autonomatic vs Somatic

Answer 7

Auto: Controls automatic functions
Somatic: Actions under voluntary control

Question 8

How does depolarization work?

Answer 8

1. Neuron receives external stimulus.
2. Sodium channel opens on neuron cell membrane.
3. Sodium ions flow into cell by passive diffusion.

Question 9

Action Potential is when inside of the neuron goes from a ___ charged resting membrane potential to a net ___ charge due to inflow of ___ ions. This creates a large change in electrical charge from ___ to ___.

Answer 9

1. Negative
2. Positive
3. Sodium
4. Negative to positive

Question 10

Repolarization is when __ channels close, ___ channels open and diffuses out of the cell. ___ state restored.

Answer 10

1. Sodium
2. Potassium (K+)
3. Resting

Question 11

Synaptic Transmission:
Neurotransmitters ___ across the synaptic cleft toward the ___ membrane.
___ on the membrane bind the neurotransmitters.

Answer 11

1. Diffuse
2. Postsynaptic membrane
3. Bind

Question 12

Types of Neurotransmitters (3)

Answer 12

1. Acetylcholine
2. Catecholamines
3. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

Question 12

Describe the function of each neurotransmitter:
1. Acetylcholine
2. Catecholamines
3. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

Answer 12

1. Can be either excitatory or inhibitory depending on its location in the body.
2. Norepinephrine & epinephrine - associated w/”fight or flight” reactions of the sympathetic nervous system.
3. Inhibitory in CNS

Question 13

CNS is made up of… (4)

Answer 13

1-3. Brain:
- Cerebrum
- Cerebellum
- Brain stem
4. Spinal cord

Question 14

Cerebrum is the area of the brain responsible for…
Name three examples:

Answer 14

Higher-order behaviors
1. Learning
2. Intelligence
3. Awareness

Question 15

Cerebrum is made up of… (2)
Describe what they are:

Answer 15

1. Gray matter
   - Cerebral cortex
   - Outer layer of the brain
2. White matter
   - Fibers beneath the cortex

Question 16

Cerebellum is the area of the brain responsible for… (3)

Answer 16

1. Coordinated movement
2. Balance
3. Posture

Question 17

Brain stem is the ___ between the brain & spinal cord.
It is the area of the brain responsible for ___ ___ functions of the body.
Many of the ___ nerves originate from this area of the brain.

Answer 17

1. Connection
2. Basic support functions
3. Cranial nerves

Question 18

Cerebrospinal fluid is fluid between layers of the ___ and in the ventricles inside the ___ and central canal of the ___ cord.

Answer 18

1. Meninges
2. Brain
3. Spinal cord

Question 19

Blood-brain barrier is the ___ walls in the brain that have no fenestrations. They are covered by cell membranes of ___ cells.

Answer 19

1. Capillary walls
2. Glial cells

Question 20

T/F: The blood brain barrier prevents many drugs, proteins, ions, & other molecules from readily passing from the blood into the brain.

Answer 20

True

Question 21

Each of the ___ cranial nerve pairs contain axons of ___ neurons, axons of ___ neurons, or combinations of both.

Answer 21

1. 12 cranial nerve pairs
2. Motor neurons
3. Sensory neurons

Question 22

Spinal cord function:
Conducts ___ info & ___ instructions between brain & peripheral nerves.
As well as modifying ___ impulses.

Answer 22

1. Sensory info
2. Motor instructions
3. Nerve impulses

Question 23

Autonomic nervous system controls ___ functions of the subconscious level.
Sympathetic nervous system is the ____ ___ ___ response.
Parasympathetic nervous system is the ___ & ___ system.

Answer 23

1. Automatic
2. Fight or flight
3. Rest & restore

Question 24

Withdrawal reflex results in…

Answer 24

Contraction or flexing of muscles

Question 25

Palpebral reflex arc is…

Answer 25

A light tap on the medial canthus of the eye produces a blink of the eyelids

Question 26

Pupillary light reflex (PLR) is…

Answer 26

A normal response to shining light in the eye of an animal is for the iris in both eyes to constrict