Musculoskeletal I: Bones & Joints Flashcards
Bone is the ___ hardest substance in the body. It is composed of cells embedded in a ___. The type of cell bone it is made of is ___ tissue.
- Second
- Matrix
- Connective tissue
List the five functions of bones
- Support
- Body framework - Protection
- Vital organs - Leverage
- Locomotion - Storage
- Ca+ & minerals - Blood cell formation
Cancellous bone (2)
- Tiny “spicules” of bone that appear randomly arranged
- Spaces between the spicules contain bone marrow
Compact bone (2)
- Shafts of long bones & the outside layer of all bones
- Composed of haversian systems that run lengthwise with the bone
Periosteum definition
Outer & inner layer made of what?
- Membrane that covers outer surfaces of bones
- Outer layer is composed of fibrous tissue
- Inner layer contains osteoblasts
Nutrient foramina is how bones get a ___ supply. Nutrient foramina are small ___ in the bone. They can sometimes be seen on radiographs and mistaken for a ___.
- Blood
- Holes
- Lesion
Terms:
1. Synovium
2. Synovial fluid
3. Articular cartilage ?
4. Joint capsule
5. Ligaments
among others
- Membrane of the joint space
- Fluid produced by synovium to decrease friction & action of the joint & nutrients to cartilage
- Fibrous structure surrounding the joint keeping fluids in
- Connective tissue (bone to bone)
Tendons connect bone to muscle
Clinical signs of musculoskeletal disease (6)
- Pain
- Gait change or lameness
- Swelling or increased joint fluid
- Muscle atrophy
- Weakness
- Lethargy
Tests to eval skeletal disease (4)
- Rads
- Bone biopsy
- Gait study
- Scintigraphy
Test to eval joint disease (4)
- Rads
- Serology
- Arthrocentesis
- Cult
- Cytology - Arthroscopy
Degenerative Joint Disease (DJD)
Is characterized by…
Pathophysiology (2)
Character:
Loss of smooth cartilage covering & protecting bone ends in a moveable joint
Path:
1. Cartilage wears away so the bone is exposed resulting in pain & inflammation
2. Osteophytes form on the bone close to the joint adding to the pain. This will get worse over time.
Degenerative Joint Disease
1. Etiology (5)
2. Dx (4)
3. Tx (4)
- Any cause of abnormal wear or inflammation in the joint
- Anatomic defect, trauma, immune mediated, infection, age - Dx
- Bone hypertrophy &/or remodeling
- Increased joint fluid
- Osteophytes
- Joint pain - Tx
- Underlying cause
- Decrease joint stress (BCS, exercise modifications)
- Improve joint fluid quality
- Decrease pain & inflammation
Patellar Luxations
What is it?
Etiology (2)
- It is:
- Abnormal anatomy of the stifle related to the function of the patella leads to gait abnormalities, lameness, & ligament rupture. - Etiology
- Most are due to congenital abnormalities
- Traumatic causes also occur
Patellar Luxations
Clinical signs (5)
Tx
- Signs
- Abnormal rear leg stance
- “Lock out” gait
- Lameness
- Palpable patellar luxation
- DJD - Tx
- Sx correction
Cranial Cruciate Rupture/Injury causes/etiology (4)
- Weight bearing injury, twisting
- Overweight
- Cushing’s
- Large breed dogs, but can occur in small dogs & cats
Cruciate injury usually occurs with ___ or severe internal ___ of the joint.
- Hyperextension
- Rotation
Cruciate Injury
Clinical signs (5)
Dx (3)
- Signs
- Acute lameness in rear leg
- Stifle swelling
- Difficulty rising from sit or jumping
- DJD
- Muscle atrophy - Dx
- Rads
- Arthroscopy
- “Drawer Sign” w/sedation
Types of Cruciate Repairs (3)
- Intracapsular repair
- Replace ligament with suture, patellar tendon or fascia lata inside the joint.
- Anchored to tibia - Extracapsular repair
- Suture material outside the joint replaces function of ligament
- Anchored to tibia - TPLO
- Surgical resection of tibia to change stifle mechanics
- Requires certification
Hip Dysplasia
What is it?
Two common types:
- What is it?
Abnormal formation of the hip socket which causes laxity in the joint. It can eventually cause lameness & painful arthritis of the joints. - Types:
1. Shallow acetabulum, the femoral head does not fit snugly.
2. Misshapen femoral head.
Hip Dysplasia
Etiology (2)
Clinical signs (6)
- Etiology:
- Genetic predisposition: complex mode of inheritance.
- Environmental: overweight; injury or overexertion at a young age. - Clinical signs
- “Bunny hop” gait
- Narrow-base, forward rear leg stance
- Reluctance to go up stairs
- Pain on extension of the hip
- Slow in rising to stand
- Stifle or back pain
Hip Dysplasia
Diagnosis (2)
Treatment (2)
- Diagnosis
- Rads: OFA technique is essential for grading hip dysplasia
- DJD of hips - Treatment
- Medical (as for DJD)
- Surgery
Characterization of hip dysplasia is noted by the thickening of the femoral ___, irregularity of the femoral ___, & irregularity of the ____.
- Neck
- Head
- Acetabulum
Hip Dysplasia info for clients (4)
- Dogs intended for breeding should have OFA rads after 2y/o (prior to breeding).
- It is progressive disease throughout the animal’s life.
- “Excellent” hips in parents doesn’t mean puppy won’t develop dysplasia.
- Most common in large breed dogs.
Osteochondrosis Dissecans (OCD)
What is it?
Common occurrence in body (4)
- It is:
- Abnormal growth of joint cartilage resulting in cartilage lifting off of bone, resulting in flap or “joint mouse.” - Common locations:
- Shoulder, stifle, hock, & elbow of large breeds.
Osteochondrosis Dissecans (OCD)
Etiology (4)
Treatment (4)
- Etiology
- Rapid growth
- Calcium : Phosphorous imbalance
- Heredity
- Trauma - Treatment
- Exercise restriction
- Weight control
- Surgery
- Stem cell therapy
Panosteitis
What is it?
Etiology (2)
- It is
- Painful, inflammatory disease of the medullary bone. Occurs in young (6-8mo old) large breed dogs, esp male german sherpards. - Etiology
- Unknown
- Possibly viral
Panosteitis
Clinical signs (3)
Treatment (3)
- Clinical signs
- Shifting leg lameness
- Fever
- Pain on palpation of long bones - Treatment
- Pain & inflammation control
- Self-limiting disease (resolves by 1y/o)
- No permanent damage, no recurrence
