Neuro review

Question 0

CN VII

Answer 0

• Facial
• Facial movement
• hyoid elevation
• salivation
• taste

Question 1

CN V

Answer 1

• Trigeminal
• jaw movement
• face, mouth, jaw sensation

Question 2

CN IX

Answer 2

• glossopharygeal
• pharyngeal movement
• pharynx and tongue sensation
• taste

Question 3

CN X

Answer 3

• Vagus
• pharyngeal, palatal, laryngeal movement
• pharyngeal sensation

Question 4

CN XII

Answer 4

• Hypoglossal

- tongue movement

Question 5

Internal Regulation system, a.k.a. …

Answer 5

• Visceral system

- maintains homeostasis

Question 6

Cerebrospinal Fluid system, a.k.a. …

Answer 6

• Ventricular system
• Cushions CNS
• CSF produced by choroid plexus in ventricles

Question 7

Vascular system

Answer 7

• carotid (ACA and MCAs)

- vertebrobasilar (PCAs)

Question 8

Consciousness system

Answer 8

• maintains wakefullness, awareness of environment

- attention

Question 9

Motor system

Answer 9

• all motor activity including striated muscle
• essential to normal reflexes
• maintains normal muscle tone & posture
• planning, control, & execution of voluntary movement inc. speech

Question 10

Nerve

Answer 10

• in the PNS

- collection of axons bound by connective tissue

Question 11

Tract

Answer 11

• in CNS
• groups of fibres that travel together
• commissural (connect homologous areas w/in hemispheres)
• association (connect lobes w/in a hemisphere)
• projection (connect between hemispheres)

Question 12

The Final Common Pathway

Answer 12

• LMN system
• generates activity in skeletal or somatic muscles
• damage responsible for FLACCID DYSARTHRIA
• Motor units / Alpha motor neurons
• Gamma motor neurons

Question 13

Effects of damage to FCP

Answer 13

• weakness / paresis

- paralysis

Question 14

FCP CNs for Speech

Answer 14

• V, VII, IX, X, XII

- Upper cervical spinal nerves

Question 15

Direct Activation Pathway (DAP)

Answer 15

• aka pyramidal tract or direct motor system
• divided into corticobulbar and corticospinal tracts
• arranged as corona radiata – > internal capsule
• connects cortex to FCP
• comprised of primary motor & sensory cortexes

Question 16

Effects of Damage to the DAP

Answer 16

• weakness and loss/reduction of skilled movements
• Unilateral -> unilateral UMN dysarthria
• Bilateral -> spastic dysarthria & other spasticity

Question 17

The Indirect Activation Pathway

Answer 17

• aka extrapyramidal tract / indirect motor system
• comprised of corticoreticular & corticorubral tracts
• reticular formation plays crucial role in muscle tone

Question 18

Effects of damage to IAP

Answer 18

• affect muscle tone & reflexes
• manifests as spasticity & hyperreflexia
• slow movement, hyperadduction of vocal folds during phonation
• Spastic dysarthria

Question 19

Basal Ganglia control circuit

Answer 19

• regulates muscle tone, goal-directed movements
• postural adjustments during skilled movements
• adjusting movements to the environment
• ties to extrapyramidal pathways

Question 20

Functions of BG Control Circuit

Answer 20

• posture & tone regulation
• movement scaling (force, amplitude, duration)
• set switching (interrupting ongoing behaviour)
• movement selection & learning

Question 21

Effects of damage to BG CC

Answer 21

• reduced mobility / rigidity (hypokinesia)

- involuntary movements (hyperkinesia)

Question 22

DAB’s 5 stages of Conceptual-programming level of speech

Answer 22

1. conceptualization
2. language planning
3. motor planning / programming
4. performance
5. feedback

Question 23

Role of sensation

Answer 23

• intelligible speech can be produced by structures that are continuously changing position
• input from muscles have influence on motor neurons supplying speech muscles
• sensory pathways can be pretuned or sensitized by motor system
• thalamus: sensory relay structure

Question 24

Motor planning / programming is influenced by:

Answer 24

• control circuits (cerebellar & BG)
• limbic system (speech can change w/ emotions)
• R hemisphere influences (contributes to perception and organization of prosody)
• Reticular formation & thalamus
• Damage (results in apraxia of speech)