Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

surgery and other stuff > Neuro reading > Flashcards

Neuro reading Flashcards

1
Q

What are paraphasic errors?

A

Inappropriately substituted words

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How can you test comprehension?

A

Mike was shot by John. Is John dead?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the 6 components of testing language?

A
  1. Spontaneous speech
  2. Comprehension
  3. Naming
  4. Repetition
  5. Reading
  6. Writing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the four components of Gerstmann’s syndrome?

A
  1. Calculations
  2. Right-left confusion
  3. Finger agnosia (naming fingers)
  4. Agraphia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is apraxia?

A

Inability to follow a motor command that is not due to a primary motor deficit or a language impairment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Apraxia may indicate a lesion where?

A

language area and adjacent structures of the dominant hemisphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is anosognosia?

A

a deficit of self-awareness, a condition in which a person with some disability seems unaware of its existence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How can you test perseveration? What type of pathology is this indicative (lesion where)?

A

Draw alternating sequence.

Frontal release sign

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is abulia, and what sort of pathology is it indicative of?

A

Slow responses

Frontal release sign

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is red desaturation, and what does it test for?

A

Compare between eyes a red colored object. If color diminishes or changes, suspect CN II dysfunction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is optokinetic nystagmus, and how is it tested?

A

Normal nystagmus elicited by moving a striped piece of paper in front of the pt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the jaw jerk reflex, and what is being tested?

A

Tapping on a slight open jaw. If jaw moves, UMN sign

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Why is hearing loss almost always caused by peripheral nerve lesions?

A

Projects bilaterally to the corticies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Fasiculation are a LMN or UMN sign?

A

LMN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Lesions of the motor cortex produce tongue weakness on the ipsilateral or contralateral side?

A

contralateral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Where is the best place to inspect for LMN fasciulations? (3)

A

intrinsic hand muscles
thigh
Shoulder girdle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How long do UMN lesions take to manifest?

A

hours to weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does toe tapping or hand tapping test?

A

FIne motor movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Proximal weakness is more suggestive of what sort of pathology?

A

Myopathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Rate 0-5 reflexes

A 
0 = none
1 = trace, or only seen with reinforcement
2 = Normal
3 = brisk
4 = nonsustained clonus
5 = sustained clonus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

True or false: reflexes rated 1-3 are only abnormal if they are asymmetric

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the crossed adduction sign of the legs?

A

tapping the medial aspect of the knee elicits adduction of the opposite leg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the interpretation if one foot has a downgoing babinski, and the other has no response?

A

No response side is considered abnormal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Name the spinal level tested: biceps

A

C5, C6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Name the spinal level tested: brachioradialis

A

C6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Name the spinal level tested: triceps

A

C7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Name the spinal level tested: Patellar

A

L4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Name the spinal level tested: achilles

A

S1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

How do you elicit the abdominal cutaneous reflexes?

A

Lightly brushing either side of the umbilicus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the bulbocavernosus reflex? How do you perform it for males and females respectively?

A

contraction of the rectal sphincter in response to pressure on the bulbocavernosus muscle

  • Males = squeeze the glans
  • Females = traction on the foley cath
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are the four major frontal release signs?

A

Graps
Snout
Root
Suck

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is myerson’s sign?

A

Positive glabellar tap

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

When is a glabellar tap considered positive?

A

Only in continuous (should eventually extinguish in the normal pt)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the palmomental reflex?

A

Scraping hypothenar eminence causes contraction of ipsilateral mentalis muscle (may be normal in some people)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What spinal levels are being tested with the abdominal cutaneous reflexes?

A

ABove umbilicus = T8-T10

Below = T10-T12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What spinal level is being tested with the cremasteric reflex?

A

L1-L2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What spinal level is being tested with the anal wink

A

S2-S4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What spinal level is being tested with the bulbocavernosus reflex?

A

S2-S4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Dysdiadochokinesia is a sign of what sort of pathology (where is the lesions)?

A

Cerebellar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is the difference between truncal and appendicular ataxia?

A
  • Appendicular = affects movements of the appendages, and is indicative of cerebellar hemispheres
  • Truncal = affects proximal musculature, and is suggestive of lesions to the vermis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

FNF and other cerebellar tests, rely on what senses?

A
  • Cerebellar coordination
  • Position sense
  • visual pathways
  • UMN and LMNs
  • Basal ganglia
42
Q

If the Romberg test is abnormal with eyes open, where is the lesion?

A

Cerebellum

43
Q

What is circumduction in the context of gait?

A

Moving in circular paths when trying to move in a straight line

44
Q

What is the forced gait test?

A

walk on heels, toes, sides of feet

45
Q

What is gait apraxia, and what conditions is it seen in?

A

Pt able to carry out all motor movements of gait while supine, but can’t actually walk.

NPH or frontal disorders

46
Q

Where is vibratory testing done on the foot?

A

Lateral aspect of the ball of the foot

47
Q

What is graphesia testing (what neurological area)?

A

Cortices

48
Q

What is stereognosis testing (what neurological area)?

A

Cortex

49
Q

How can you improve motor / sensory testing in patients with hemineglect?

A

Turn head and attention toward affected side

50
Q

Absences of the Doll’s eyes reflex in an awake and comatose pt mean what respectively?

A 
Awake = normal
unconscious = Brainstem lesion
51
Q

What is the COWS mnemonic for the caloric stimulation testing?

A

Cold opposite, warm same

52
Q

What does decerebrate vs decorticate posturing indicate in terms of localization?

A 
Decorticate = lesion above the midbrain
Decerebrate = below midbrain
53
Q

What is triple flexion, and what does it indicate?

A

Flexion of the hip and knee, with dorsiflexion at the ankle.

Spinal cord intact (it’s a spinal cord mediated reflex)

54
Q

What is involved with the apnea test, and what does it indicate?

A

pull off ventilator, and check for spontaneous breathing while monitoring pH, PCO2, PO2. If no spontaneous breathing occurs, despite appropriate changes in the above, consider brain death

55
Q

True or false: brain death is a clinical diagnosis

A

True

56
Q

What is conversion disorder and somatization disorder?

A 
Conversion = psych produced sensory or motor deficits
Somatization = psych produce somatic symptoms
57
Q

What do saccadic eye movement in a pt with a coma indicate?

A

Locked in syndrome, or pseudocoma

58
Q

What is the hoover test?

A

palpate opposite gastrocnemius when asking pt to lift contralateral leg. Gastroc should constrict if true weakness

59
Q

Why is midline change of vibratory sense across skull or sternum not physiologic?

A

Bone will readily conduct to other side

60
Q

True or false: a headache that is always on the same side warrants imaging

A

True–r/o vascular malformation

61
Q

What are ophthalmoplegic migraines?

A

Migraines where eyes are paralyzed in some way

62
Q

Lesions to the temporal lobe optic radiations will produce what sort of visual field defect?

A

Contralateral homonymous quadrantanopia (“pie in the sky”)

63
Q

What is the role of the superior colliculus and pretectal of the brain?

A

Directing attention toward visual stimuli

64
Q

What is the fissure that separates the occipital lobe?

A

Calcarine fissure

65
Q

What sort of visual field defect is associated with a superior and inferior occipital lobe lesion respectively?

A

Inferior lobe = superior vision and v.v.

66
Q

What are the three basic channels of information processed in the occipital lobe?

A

Motion
Form
Color

67
Q

Negative visual disturbances are usually a lesion where? Positive?

A 
Negative = visual pathways
Positive = eye itself
68
Q

Occipital lobe seizures will produce what symptoms?

A

pulsating colored lights or moving geometric shapes

69
Q

Where do formed visual hallucinations come from?

A

Inferior temporo-occipital visual association cortex

70
Q

What are the common causes of visual hallucinations (besides psych)?

A
  • drug withdrawl
  • narcolepsy
  • Midbrain ischemia
  • CJD
71
Q

Visual hallucinations are often caused by what?

A

Release phenomena–hallucinations appear in the field of visual loss

72
Q

What is Bonnet syndrome?

A

Visual hallucinations in elderly people as a result of impaired vision

73
Q

Extinction when testing confrontation by field is a sign of what?

A

neglect

74
Q

Monocular scotoma are generally caused by what?

A

Primary eye pathology

75
Q

Pie in the sky visual field defect places the lesion where?

A

Temporal lobe (optic radiation)

76
Q

Pie on the floor visual field defect places the lesion where?

A

Parietal lobe (optic radiation)

77
Q

Lesions of the entire optic radiation produces what sort of visual field defect?

A

Contralateral homonymous hemianopia

78
Q

Why is there macular sparing with some lesions of the optic cortex?

A

Such a large portion

79
Q

Concentric visual loss is suspicious for what pathology?

A

Increased ICP

80
Q

What is amaurosis fugax? What does the work up involve?

A

Transient ischemia attack of eye

Just like regular TIA

81
Q

What are the classic s/sx of optic neuritis?

A

eye pain (wwo movement) and monocular visual disturbance

82
Q

What is the red desaturation effect seen in optic neuritis?

A

Duller color to red in affected eye

83
Q

What is the general prognosis for optic neuritis?

A

Full recovery over 6-8 weeks

84
Q

Which CNs exit via the cerebellopontine angle? (3)

A

VII
VIII
IX

85
Q

What are the CNs that exit through the superior orbital fissure?

A

III
IV
VI
V1

86
Q

Which foramen do CN V2 and V3 exit?

A 
V2 = rotundum
V3 = ovale
87
Q

Which CNs exit the jugular foramen?

A

IX
X
XI

88
Q

Where does CN XII exit?

A

Hypoglossal canal (just in front of the foramen magnum)

89
Q

Why is unilateral hearing loss never a CNS issue?

A

Tracts cross multiple times

90
Q

How do the symptoms of cerebellopontine angle tumors progress (think CNs affected)?

A

Slight imbalance, unilateral hearing loss or tinnitus
CN V next with decreased sensation
CN VII next with facial weakness

91
Q

Which presents with immediate nystagmus following the dix-hallpike maneuver? Which one does not fatigue?

A

Central for both (delay of 2-5 seconds for peripheral)

92
Q

Which type of vertigo has vertical nystagmus: central or peripheral?

A

Central

93
Q

Prominent nystagmus in the absence of vertigo is characteristic of central or peripheral vertigo?

A

Central

94
Q

What is the major difference between vestibular neuritis and BPPV?

A

Vestibular neuritis is a monophasic illness, resulting in several days of intense vertigo and sometimes a feeling of unsteadiness that can last from weeks to months

95
Q

What is the role of transtympanic gentamicin?

A

Ablate the vestibular function of affected ear

96
Q

What is the common cause of central vertigo?

A

Vertebrobasilar ischemia/infarct

97
Q

What causes the hoarseness associated with pancoast tumors?

A

CN IX involvement

98
Q

What is glossopharyngeal neuralgia, and what are the s/sx?

A

Like trigeminal neuralgia, but produces severe ear and throat pain

99
Q

What are glomus tumors?

A

Tumors arising along the path of CN IX that resemble carotid bodies histologically, but have no known function. Tumors cause impairments of CN IX, X, and XII

100
Q

What is the term used to describe the voice of pts with vocal cord paralysis?

A

Breathiness

101
Q

What is pseudobulbar affect?

A

Lesions to nuclei of the corticobulbar pathway, causing laughter, crying or other emotions, without the pt actually feeling the expressed emotion

surgery and other stuff (25 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions