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Pathophysiology and Pharmacology > Neuro Part 1 > Flashcards

Neuro Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

How does the cardiovascular system affect mobility ?

A

pumps oxygen through the blood to the muscles
- perfusion

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2
Q

What are some primary preventions for mobility issues ?

A
  • physical activity
  • healthy weight
  • proper nutrition
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3
Q

What are some secondary preventions for mobility issues ?

A
  • osteoporosis screening
  • fall risk assessments
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4
Q

What is the function of the spinal cord ?

A

column of nerves between the brain and peripheral nervous system

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5
Q

What is the function of the brain stem ?

A

connects the brain to the spinal cord

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6
Q

What is the function of the brain ?

A

divided into 3 major parts
- the hindbrain (lower part)
- midbrain
- forebrain

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7
Q

What is the function of the CNS ?

A

the body’s master control unit

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8
Q

What is the function of the peripheral NS ?

A

body’s link to the outside world

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9
Q

What is the function of the autonomic nervous system ?

A

regulates involuntary bodily processes
- HR, RR, digestion, pupil contraction
- automatic without conscious direction

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10
Q

What is the function of the somatic nervous system ?

A

carries sensory info from sensory organs to the CNS and relays motor (movement) commands to muscles
- voluntary movements

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11
Q

What is the function of the Sympathetic NS ?

A

prepares the body for action and stress
- fight or flight

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12
Q

What is the function of the Parasympathetic NS ?

A

calms the body and helps the body to conserve energy
- rest and digest

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13
Q

What is the autonomic NS divided into ?

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

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14
Q

What are the actions of the sympathetic NS ?

A

found in T1-L2
- dilate pupils
- dilate bronchi
- stimulates epinephrine and norepinephrine release
- inhibits peristalsis

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15
Q

What are the actions of the parasympathetic NS ?

A

found in brain stem & sacrum
- pupils constrict
- bronchi constrict
- HR decreases
- stimulates urination
- stimulate digestion
- promotes erection of genitals

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16
Q

What is the neurotransmitter for the Sympathetic NS ?

A

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

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17
Q

What is the main neurotransmitter for the Parasympathetic NS ?

A

acetylcholine

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18
Q

What is the receptor for the parasympathetic NS ?

A
  • muscarinic cholinergic receptors
  • nicotinic cholinergic receptors
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19
Q

What is the receptors for the sympathetic NS ?

A

Alpha 1-2 and Beta 1-2 adrenergic receptors

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20
Q

Where are the adrenergic receptors found ?

A

blood vessels, heart, bronchiole walls, GI tract, bladder, ciliary muscles of the eye

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21
Q

What does the alpha 1 receptor do ?

A

vasoconstriction
- increased BP

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22
Q

What does the alpha 2 receptor do ?

A

inhibit release of Norepinephrine
- decrease BP

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23
Q

What does the beta 1 receptor do ?

A

increase cardiac contractility and HR

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24
Q

What does the beta 2 receptor do ?

A

bronchodilation, activations of glycogenolysis

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25
Where are the nicotinic receptors found ?
in the muscle, somatic NS
26
Where are the muscarinic receptors found ?
in the CNS, salivary glands, heart, eye, lungs, GI
27
What do the M1 (+) receptors stimulate ?
brain, stomach (memory and increase acid)
28
What does the M2 (-) receptors stimulate ?
heart (bradycardia)
29
What does the M3 (+) receptors stimulate ?
glands, smooth muscle (saliva, broncho secretions, digestive enzymes, release insulin, miosis, bronchoconstriction, bladder) - Miosis= pupil constriction
30
What are cholinomimetics ?
substances that mimic acetylcholine (cholinergic) receptors
31
What are some cholinergic reactions ?
- salivation - lacrimation - urination - diaphoresis - GI distress - emesis SLUDGE
32
What are some anti-cholinergic reactions ?
blocks cholinergic effects - Hot as a Hare & Red as a Beet (can't sweat and this is a cooling process) - Dry as a Bone - Blind as a Bat - Mad as a Hatter
33
What are the functions of Acetylcholine (ACh) ?
- muscle contraction - plays important role in memory - dopamine inhibits this
34
What are the functions of Dopamine ?
- inhibits ACh - give for shock and heart failure - vasoconstriction - increased HR, and myocardial contractility - have to have dopamine to get to Epi and Norepinephrine to get to the ACh
35
What is the function of Serotonin ?
linked to mood - found primarily in the brain stem - poorly understood
36
What is the function of GABA ?
- decreases action potential of neurons - prevents hyperexcitation caused by glutamate - inhibitory neurotransmitter to glutamate - Alcohol and Benzo's increase GABA
37
What is the function of Glutamate ?
- increases action potential of neurons - excitatory neurotransmitter - Cocaine, nicotine increases glutamate - ketamine is a glutamate antagonist
38
What is Parkinson's disease ?
chronic progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by initiation and execution of movement, increased muscle tone, tremor at rest, and gait disturbances - idiopathic (don't know why)
39
What degenerates in Parkinson's diseases ?
dopamine-producing neurons in substantia nigra in the midbrain - decrease in dopamine but normal amount of ACh - gets less of fight or flight reaction but the same rest and digest
40
What are the classic signs of Parkinson's ?
tremors (often 1st sign), rigidity (2nd sign), bradykinesia - can have desire to move but can't get NS to do it
41
What is bradykinesia in Parkinson's ?
- loss of autonomic movements - stooped posture - masked face - drooling of saliva - shuffling gait
42
What are some onset symptoms of Parkinson's ?
- symptoms of unilateral (arms won't swing at the same time) - mild tremor - slight limp or decreased arm swing
43
What are some later symptoms of Parkinson's ?
- shuffling - propulsive gait with arms flexed and loss of postural reflexes - face stays in the same expression
44
What are some non-motor signs of Parkinson's ?
- depression - anxiety - apathy - fatigue - pain - constipation - short term memory impairment - sleep disturbances
45
What is Dyskinesia ?
difficulty performing voluntary movements
46
What is Akinesia ?
loss of normal motor function
47
What do Antiparkinson's drugs do ?
- increase dopamine levels - stimulate dopamine sites - extend the action of dopamine in the brain - prevent the activation of cholinergic receptors - Needs to increase dopamine levels/last longer in brain or inhibit cholinergic receptors
48
What is the goal of Parkinson's medications ?
restore the balance between dopamine and Acetylcholine
49
What is the main problem with Levodopa ?
- only about 1% of the drug is converted into dopamine - needs VERY HIGH doses to achieve therapeutic effect (lots of side effects)
50
Which receptors do anticholinergics block ?
muscarinic receptors
51
What are muscle spasms ?
sudden, violent involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles - localized muscle injury or an imbalance in electrolytes - short term contractions that will eventually relax
52
What are spasticity ?
certain muscles are continuously contracted - causes stiffness or tightness of the muscles - associated with spinal cord injury - long term contractions that will never relax
53
What is cerebral palsy ?
lack of oxygen to the brain causing permanent issues with muscle contraction that occurred in the developing fetal or infant brain - spasticity - damage doesn't get worse but it doesn't get better
54
What are Seizures ?
abnormal, sudden, excessive, uncontrolled electrical discharge of neurons within the brain - imbalance of glutamine or imbalance of electrolytes
55
What is Epilepsy ?
condition in which a person has spontaneously recurring seizures, a brain disorder - seizures that happen across their lifespan - episodes but have breaks in between seizures
56
What is Status Epilepticus ?
state of continuous seizure activity - seizures greater then 10 mins - emergency situation that can cause death - no stopping/breaks in between seizures
57
Why are infants more at risk for seizures ?
within their first year - preemie babies are more at risk for imbalances because they're small which puts them at risk
58
What can cause acute symptomatic epilepsy ?
had trauma or meningitis
59
What can cause remote symptomatic epilepsy ?
prior brain injury such as encephalitis or stroke
60
Why is Status Epilepticus so dangerous ?
if you can't get brain to calm down then the brain keeps firing, and the heart will stop beating
61
How does a Ketogenic Diet help control seizures ?
the high fat diet induces ketone production which gets you into metabolic acidosis - ketone bodies enhance GABA system - helps the brain calm down - body isn't made to be in acidosis for long so this has side effects - can't have a cheat day because not being consistent can ruin years of consistency
62
What does a RN do when a patient is having a seizure ?
- Position: lay them on in a left lying recovery position - Document: time, duration, and body part involved - if longer than 5 mins then you give the pt their recovery med - Stay: with client and assess for postictal signs following seizures - have suction available and ready -
63
How do antiepileptic drugs work ?
- increase the threshold of activity - limit the spread of a seizure discharge from its origin - decrease the speed of nerve impulse conduction - decrease the rate that sodium flows into cell - inhibit calcium flow into cell - increase effect of GABA or increase amount of GABA
64
What are Tonic-Clonic Seizures ?
whole body drops to the ground and starts shaking - has lots of brain involvement
65
What are Focal Seizures ?
stares into space and stops talking - has little bit of brain involvement
66
Which hemispheres of the brain does partial seizures use?
involves one hemisphere
67
Which hemispheres of the brain does generalized seizures use ?
involves both hemispheres - loss of consciousness

Pathophysiology and Pharmacology (13 decks)

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