Gas Exchange Flashcards

1
Q

What is gas exchange ?

A

process by which oxygen is transported to cells and carbon dioxide is transported from cells

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2
Q

What are the 3 causes of impaired gas exchange ?

A
  • ineffective ventilation
  • reduced capacity for gas transportation (decreased Hgb, RBC)
  • inadequate perfusion
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3
Q

Which types of patient’s are priorities ?

A

with SOB or chest tightness

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4
Q

What types of lung sounds indicate fluid in the lungs ?

A

crackles

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5
Q

Why is an Arterial Blood Gases (ABGs) laboratory test better than a pulse ox ?

A

it gives us a exact level of O2 in the blood
- pulse ox gives a approximation

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6
Q

What type of conditions most commonly affect the upper respiratory system ?

A

inflammatory responses

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7
Q

What is the common cold ?

A

viral infection that starts in the upper respiratory tract, sometimes spreading to the lower structures

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8
Q

What happens with a allergic or seasonal rhinitis ?

A

when the upper airways respond to a specific allergen

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9
Q

What is sinusitis ?

A

when the epithelial lining of the sinus cavities becomes inflamed
- caused by bacteria or viruses

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10
Q

What is influenza ?

A

an infection caused by any of several strains myxoviruses

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11
Q

What is special about the upper respiratory tract treatments ?

A

treatment is symptomatic only not curative
- Empiric therapy: treats the most likely cause
- it’s difficult to identify where cause is viral or bacterial that’s why its empiric lots of times

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12
Q

What is important about a patient with a cough ?

A

don’t want to stop a productive cough
- can cause pneumonia

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13
Q

What is empiric therapy ?

A

giving a broad antibiotic for the most likely cause

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14
Q

Why don’t we give cold and cough products to kids younger then 2 yrs old ?

A

causes oversedation, seizures, tachycardia, and even death in toddlers
- evidence that such meds are simply not effective in small children

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15
Q

What is the protective mechanism for the lower airway ?

A

all tubes in the lower airways contain goblet cells
- these secrete mucus to entrap any particles
- lower airway is considered sterile
- upper airway protects the lower airway using the cilia to move along bacterial away from the lower airway

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16
Q

What controls the body’s ventilation ?

A

central nervous system

17
Q

What is intrinsic asthma ?

A

no identifiable cause but can be associated with exercise and emotional stress

18
Q

What is extrinsic asthma ?

A

allergic asthma is triggered when an allergen cross-links IgE receptors on mast cells

19
Q

Before puberty who is more affected by asthma ?

A

more boys are affected than girls
- after puberty and into adulthood more women are affected than men

20
Q

What are some clinical manifestations of asthma ?

A

if this goes on long enough it can remodel airways
- cough (usually first sign)
- wheezing
- dyspnea
- prolonged expiration
- chest tightness
- accessory muscles

21
Q

What happens in the body with COPD ?

A

hyperinflation of the lungs which causes loss of elastic recoil