Introduction to Patho/Pharm Flashcards
What does Toxic Effects of a med mean ?
specific risks and manifestations of toxicity
- develop when taking med for a length period of time or when toxic amounts build up
What do Contraindications/Precautions of a med mean ?
conditions that make it risky or completely unsafe for pt’s to take
What does the Mechanism of Action of a med mean ?
how meds produce their therapeutic effect
What does Medication Interactions mean ?
meds that interact with each other that can create beneficial or harmful effects
What does Preparation, Administration, or Dosage mean for a med ?
any specific considerations for preparation, safe dosages, and how to administer the med
What does the Therapeutic Effect of a med mean ?
the expected effect (physiological response) for which the nurse administers a med to a specific pt
- can have more then 1 therapeutic effect
What does Adverse Effects of a med mean ?
undesirable and potentially dangerous responses to a medication
What are the 9 rights of drug administration ?
Right:
- patient
- drug
- dose
- time
- route/form
- documentation
- reason or indication
- response
- to refuse
What does the weight of a child need to be so they can receive an adult dose ?
50 kg (110 lbs)
How can you improve compliance with taking meds ?
- convenient drug forms
- select dosing times to lifestyle
- mix with foods
- calibrated spoons or sucking devices
- return demos
- med log on fridge
What is the chemical name of a drug mean ?
describes the drug’s atomic and molecular structure
What does the generic name of a drug mean ?
identifies the drug’s active ingredient
- nonproprietary name
What does the trade name of a drug mean ?
brand or proprietary name
- many times the name the pt will recognize
What drug name do Nurses use ?
generic name
What is pharmacotherapeutics ?
use of clinical drug to prevent and treat disease
What is an additive effect ?
drug interactions in which the effect of a combination of two or more drugs with similar actions is equivalent to the sum of the individual effects of the same drugs given alone
- 1+1=2
What is an adverse drug event ?
any undesirable occurrence related to administering or failing to administer a prescribed medication
What is an adverse drug reaction ?
any unexpected, unintended, undesired, or excessive response to a med given at therapeutic dosages
What is an agonist ?
a drug that binds to and stimulates the activity of one or more receptors in the body
What is an allergic reaction ?
an immunologic hypersensitivity reaction resulting from the unusual sensitivity of a patient to a particular medication
- a type of adverse drug event.
What is an antagonist ?
a drug that binds to and inhibits the activity of one or more receptors in the body
- aka an inhibitor
What is an antagonistic effect ?
drug interactions in which the effect of a combination of two or more drugs is less than the sum of the individual effects of the same drugs given alone
- 1+1< 2
- usually reduces or blocks effect of one drug on another
What is Cytochrome P-450 ?
the general name for a large class of enzymes that plays a significant role in drug metabolism and drug interactions
What does the duration of action mean ?
the length of time the concentration of a drug in the blood or tissues is sufficient to elicit a response
What is the first-pass effect ?
the initial metabolism in the liver of a drug absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract before the drug reaches systemic circulation through the bloodstream
What does a drug’s half-life mean ?
amount it takes for half of the drug metabolize
- important to avoid toxicity
What is a idiosyncratic reaction ?
an abnormal and unexpected response to a medication, other than an allergic reaction, that is peculiar to an individual patient
What does onset of action mean ?
the time required for a drug to elicit a therapeutic response after dosing
What does the peak effect mean ?
the time required for a drug to reach its maximum therapeutic response in the body.
What does peak level mean ?
the maximum concentration of a drug in the body after administration, usually measured in a blood sample for therapeutic drug monitoring
What is pharmacodynamics ?
the study of the biochemical and physiologic interactions of drugs at their sites of activity
- examines the effect of the drug on the body
What is steady state ?
the physiologic state in which the amount of drug removed via elimination is equal to the amount of drug absorbed with each dose
What is the synergistic effect ?
working for the same goal/working together to treat 1 thing
What is the therapeutic index ?
ratio between the toxic and therapeutic concentrations of a drug
What is tolerance ?
reduced response to a drug after prolonged use
What is trough level ?
lowest concentration of drug reached in the body after it falls from its peak level
- usually measured in a blood sample for therapeutic drug monitoring
What is the most common blood protein that carries the most protein-bound drug molecules ?
albumin
What is supplemental therapy ?
supplies the body with a substance needed to maintain normal function
- ex.) give insulin to diabetics
- giving multiple different therapies
What is palliative therapy ?
end of life care
- provides relief from symptoms of dying process
What is supportive therapy ?
medication supporting another, or supporting the patient through a procedure
- maintains integrity of body functions during recovery
- ex.) giving fluids and electrolytes to a pt to prevent dehydration caused by diarrhea
What is prophylactic therapy ?
helps prevent illness or other undesirable outcome during planned events
- ex.) taking antibiotics after a surgery
What is empiric therapy ?
when treating something but don’t know what for
- giving antibiotics for an unknown infection until you get results from culture and sensitivity
What is acute therapy ?
intensive drug treatment in those who are critically ill
- often needed to sustain life or treat disease
What is maintenance therapy ?
preventing further progression of disease or condition
- but not “fixing” preexisting condition
What are extrapyramidal symptoms ?
symptom that morphs your face
- ex) stick tongue out while talking
What is a black box warning ?
label that flags important safety info
- most serious warning required by the FDA
- just a warning so you can still use drug
What is pharmacokinetics ?
study of what happens to the drug from the time it is put into the body to the time it leaves the body
- what the body does to the drug
What are the 3 routes of medication administration ?
- enteral: oral or tube in stomach
- parenteral: all forms of injections (IM, SQ, IV)
- topical: applied to skin or mucous membranes
What is a side effect ?
reaction to a drug
- usually not life-threatening
What is bioavailability ?
how much of the med is available for the body to use
What is the subtherapeutic level ?
level of which the med is not working
What is a loading dose ?
massive first dose to get them to the therapeutic level and the addition doses after to keep them at that level (maintenance dose)
What is the substrate needed for ?
for med to metabolize
What is the inhibitor needed for ?
slows down (inhibits) the metabolism of the med
What is the induce needed for ?
speeds up the metabolism of the med (need higher dose)
What are the phases of pharmacokinetics ?
- absorption
- distribution
- metabolism/biotransformation
- excretion
