Introduction to Patho/Pharm

Question 1

What does Toxic Effects of a med mean ?

Answer 1

specific risks and manifestations of toxicity
- develop when taking med for a length period of time or when toxic amounts build up

Question 2

What do Contraindications/Precautions of a med mean ?

Answer 2

conditions that make it risky or completely unsafe for pt’s to take

Question 3

What does the Mechanism of Action of a med mean ?

Answer 3

how meds produce their therapeutic effect

Question 4

What does Medication Interactions mean ?

Answer 4

meds that interact with each other that can create beneficial or harmful effects

Question 5

What does Preparation, Administration, or Dosage mean for a med ?

Answer 5

any specific considerations for preparation, safe dosages, and how to administer the med

Question 6

What does the Therapeutic Effect of a med mean ?

Answer 6

the expected effect (physiological response) for which the nurse administers a med to a specific pt
- can have more then 1 therapeutic effect

Question 7

What does Adverse Effects of a med mean ?

Answer 7

undesirable and potentially dangerous responses to a medication

Question 8

What are the 9 rights of drug administration ?

Answer 8

Right:
- patient
- drug
- dose
- time
- route/form
- documentation
- reason or indication
- response
- to refuse

Question 9

What does the weight of a child need to be so they can receive an adult dose ?

Answer 9

50 kg (110 lbs)

Question 10

How can you improve compliance with taking meds ?

Answer 10

• convenient drug forms
• select dosing times to lifestyle
• mix with foods
• calibrated spoons or sucking devices
• return demos
• med log on fridge

Question 11

What is the chemical name of a drug mean ?

Answer 11

describes the drug’s atomic and molecular structure

Question 12

What does the generic name of a drug mean ?

Answer 12

identifies the drug’s active ingredient
- nonproprietary name

Question 13

What does the trade name of a drug mean ?

Answer 13

brand or proprietary name
- many times the name the pt will recognize

Question 14

What drug name do Nurses use ?

Answer 14

generic name

Question 15

What is pharmacotherapeutics ?

Answer 15

use of clinical drug to prevent and treat disease

Question 16

What is an additive effect ?

Answer 16

drug interactions in which the effect of a combination of two or more drugs with similar actions is equivalent to the sum of the individual effects of the same drugs given alone
- 1+1=2

Question 17

What is an adverse drug event ?

Answer 17

any undesirable occurrence related to administering or failing to administer a prescribed medication

Question 18

What is an adverse drug reaction ?

Answer 18

any unexpected, unintended, undesired, or excessive response to a med given at therapeutic dosages

Question 19

What is an agonist ?

Answer 19

a drug that binds to and stimulates the activity of one or more receptors in the body

Question 20

What is an allergic reaction ?

Answer 20

an immunologic hypersensitivity reaction resulting from the unusual sensitivity of a patient to a particular medication
- a type of adverse drug event.

Question 21

What is an antagonist ?

Answer 21

a drug that binds to and inhibits the activity of one or more receptors in the body
- aka an inhibitor

Question 22

What is an antagonistic effect ?

Answer 22

drug interactions in which the effect of a combination of two or more drugs is less than the sum of the individual effects of the same drugs given alone
- 1+1< 2
- usually reduces or blocks effect of one drug on another

Question 23

What is Cytochrome P-450 ?

Answer 23

the general name for a large class of enzymes that plays a significant role in drug metabolism and drug interactions

Question 24

What does the duration of action mean ?

Answer 24

the length of time the concentration of a drug in the blood or tissues is sufficient to elicit a response

Question 25

What is the first-pass effect ?

Answer 25

the initial metabolism in the liver of a drug absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract before the drug reaches systemic circulation through the bloodstream

Question 26

What does a drug's half-life mean ?

Answer 26

amount it takes for half of the drug metabolize - important to avoid toxicity

Question 27

What is a idiosyncratic reaction ?

Answer 27

an abnormal and unexpected response to a medication, other than an allergic reaction, that is peculiar to an individual patient

Question 28

What does onset of action mean ?

Answer 28

the time required for a drug to elicit a therapeutic response after dosing

Question 29

What does the peak effect mean ?

Answer 29

the time required for a drug to reach its maximum therapeutic response in the body.

Question 30

What does peak level mean ?

Answer 30

the maximum concentration of a drug in the body after administration, usually measured in a blood sample for therapeutic drug monitoring

Question 31

What is pharmacodynamics ?

Answer 31

the study of the biochemical and physiologic interactions of drugs at their sites of activity - examines the effect of the drug on the body

Question 32

What is steady state ?

Answer 32

the physiologic state in which the amount of drug removed via elimination is equal to the amount of drug absorbed with each dose

Question 33

What is the synergistic effect ?

Answer 33

working for the same goal/working together to treat 1 thing

Question 34

What is the therapeutic index ?

Answer 34

ratio between the toxic and therapeutic concentrations of a drug

Question 35

What is tolerance ?

Answer 35

reduced response to a drug after prolonged use

Question 36

What is trough level ?

Answer 36

lowest concentration of drug reached in the body after it falls from its peak level - usually measured in a blood sample for therapeutic drug monitoring

Question 37

What is the most common blood protein that carries the most protein-bound drug molecules ?

Answer 37

albumin

Question 38

What is supplemental therapy ?

Answer 38

supplies the body with a substance needed to maintain normal function - ex.) give insulin to diabetics - giving multiple different therapies

Question 39

What is palliative therapy ?

Answer 39

end of life care - provides relief from symptoms of dying process

Question 40

What is supportive therapy ?

Answer 40

medication supporting another, or supporting the patient through a procedure - maintains integrity of body functions during recovery - ex.) giving fluids and electrolytes to a pt to prevent dehydration caused by diarrhea

Question 41

What is prophylactic therapy ?

Answer 41

helps prevent illness or other undesirable outcome during planned events - ex.) taking antibiotics after a surgery

Question 42

What is empiric therapy ?

Answer 42

when treating something but don't know what for - giving antibiotics for an unknown infection until you get results from culture and sensitivity

Question 43

What is acute therapy ?

Answer 43

intensive drug treatment in those who are critically ill - often needed to sustain life or treat disease

Question 44

What is maintenance therapy ?

Answer 44

preventing further progression of disease or condition - but not "fixing" preexisting condition

Question 45

What are extrapyramidal symptoms ?

Answer 45

symptom that morphs your face - ex) stick tongue out while talking

Question 46

What is a black box warning ?

Answer 46

label that flags important safety info - most serious warning required by the FDA - just a warning so you can still use drug

Question 47

What is pharmacokinetics ?

Answer 47

study of what happens to the drug from the time it is put into the body to the time it leaves the body - what the body does to the drug

Question 48

What are the 3 routes of medication administration ?

Answer 48

- enteral: oral or tube in stomach - parenteral: all forms of injections (IM, SQ, IV) - topical: applied to skin or mucous membranes

Question 49

What is a side effect ?

Answer 49

reaction to a drug - usually not life-threatening

Question 50

What is bioavailability ?

Answer 50

how much of the med is available for the body to use

Question 51

What is the subtherapeutic level ?

Answer 51

level of which the med is not working

Question 52

What is a loading dose ?

Answer 52

massive first dose to get them to the therapeutic level and the addition doses after to keep them at that level (maintenance dose)

Question 53

What is the substrate needed for ?

Answer 53

for med to metabolize

Question 54

What is the inhibitor needed for ?

Answer 54

slows down (inhibits) the metabolism of the med

Question 55

What is the induce needed for ?

Answer 55

speeds up the metabolism of the med (need higher dose)

Question 56

What are the phases of pharmacokinetics ?

Answer 56

1. absorption 2. distribution 3. metabolism/biotransformation 4. excretion