Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Clinical Medicine I > Neuro-opth > Flashcards

Neuro-opth Flashcards

1
Q

What is the clinical presentation of presbyopia?

A

refractive error for close vision, eye strain and headaches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are risk factors for presbyopia?

A

usually by 45 most people have it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the causation of presbyopia?

A

aging

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How do you treat presbyopia?

A

corrective lenses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What was the clinical presentation of acute angle closure glaucoma?

A

red eyes, cloudy cornea, dilated pupil
EXTREME pain, blurred vision, unilateral , halos, headaches, nausea, abdominal pain

IOP pressure>50 (normal 10-21), hard eyes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are risk factors for acute angle closure glaucoma?

A

Shallow, anterior chamber (far-sightedness (hyperopia), small eyes), enlargement of lens, genetics, disease in elderly, pupil dilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the cause of acute angle closure glaucoma?

A

Closed angle –> optic nerve inflammation, pressure in the eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How do you diagnose an acute angle closure glaucoma?

A

Look for cup and disc ratio… cup should be 30% or less

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How do you treat acute angle closure glaucoma?

A

EMERGENCY
refer to ophthalmology
IV acetazolamide
oral acetazolamide QID
+ topical medication timolol maleate
when pressure lowers, topical pilocarpine

cataract removal or laser peripheral iridotomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What causes secondary acute-angle closure glaucoma?

A

Normal structures but acute event maybe occurring from anterior uveitis, dislocation of lens, hemodialysis, medications

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How do you diagnose secondary acute-angle closure glaucoma?

A

diagnosis is 2/3 parameters: optic disk, visual fields, intraocular pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What do you need to remember when treating secondary acute-angle closure glaucoma?

A

treat unaffected eye in case of risk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the presentation of chronic glaucoma?

A

progressive optic nerve damage, gradual “tunnel vision”, painless bilateral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are risk factors for chronic glaucoma?

A

Inuit or asian ancestry, 1st degree relatives, pts with DM, older people with African or Hispanic ancestry, any corticosteroid use

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are causes of chronic glaucoma?

A

1) Open angle = MCC, increased aqueous production and/or decreased outflow bilateral
2) Angle closure, flow of aqueous humor is obstructed but not as fast occuring
3) normal tension (vascular issues)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How do you treat chronic glaucoma?

A

prostaglandin drops to reduce intraocular pressure –> latanoprost, travoprost
you can add beta blockers too

laser treatment is reserved for failure of medication trabeculoplasty, trabeculectomy, iridectomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is strabismus?

A

misalignment of eyes: esotropia or exotropia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What’s a risk for strabismus?

A

children

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the cause of strabismus?

A

eye muscle issues, nerve transmission, control center in brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are diagnostic tips for strabismus?

A

Check medial canthus on children (pseudo?)
Hirschberg test (is the light in the same spot?)
Cover test

21
Q

What is the clinical presentation of ambylopia?

A

brain turns off eye, so there is atrophy of eye muscles, losing visual field
Unilateral, impaired and absent fine depth perception

22
Q

What are risk factors for amblyopia?

A

Prematurity, small size for gestational age, 1st degree relative, neurodevelopmental delay

23
Q

What is the causation of amblyopia?

A

long-term suppression of one eye, usually visual acuity 3-5 years of age

24
Q

How do you diagnose amblyopia?

A

Need complete eye exam by eye specialist, >2 line difference between 2 eyes
Objection to occlusion in children
Referral to ophthalmologist for many, many abnormal indications…

25
Q

How do you treat amblyopia?

A

Patching eye or atropine (vision blurring)

26
Q

What is retinoblastoma?

A

Retinal tumor, which can be seen in the white eye reflection

27
Q

What is a risk factor for retinoblastoma?

A

children; rare after age 6

28
Q

How is a retinoblastoma caused?

A

inherited or sporadic

29
Q

How do you diagnose a retinoblastoma?

A

fundoscopic exam by eye specialist, if concerned

30
Q

What is the clinical presentation of amaurosis fugax?

A

Sudden unilateral vision loss, which lasts a few minutes

31
Q

What is the cause of amaurosis fugax?

A

transient emboli to retinal artery

32
Q

How do you diagnose amaurosis fugax?

A

Usually normal on exam, but need to look at PMH, FH, reliance on patient’s description, analyze differentials
Bad headache –> most likely arteritis
CAD? Age? Onset? Duration?

33
Q

How do you treat amaurosis fugax?

A

Ophthalmologic eval, check inflammatory mediators, carotid imaging
IF NORMAL: Cardio eval, brain MRI, EEG, hypercoagulable testing

treat like a stroke until proven otherwise, depends on cause

34
Q

What is the clinical presentation of optic neuritis?

A

Monocular visual loss (color vision, decrease brightness), worse with low Vitamin D
Eye pain, worse with eye movement, relative afferent pupillary defect (pupil dilates to light), usually unilateral

35
Q

Who are at risk for optic neuritis?

A

young women 20-40yrs, obesity, smoking, autoimmune

36
Q

What is the causation of optic neuritis?

A

inflammation and demyelination of optic nerve, immune mediated
presenting sign of MS
if infection, : Lyme, Herpes, Syphilis, methanol poisoning, B12 deficency, diabetes

37
Q

What does optic neuritis look like upon exam?

A

Bright, inflamed optic disk, almost like a firework behind a cloud on exam

38
Q

How do you manage optic neuritis?

A

IV steroids: methylprednisolone, PO prednisolone
Refer to op
MS will develop
If no improvement, MRI of head, rule out compressive lesion

39
Q

What is the clinical presentation of infantile nystagmus?

A

Repetitive, uncontrolled eye movements (horizontal), reduced vision and depth perception, affect of balance and coordination

40
Q

What makes someone at risk for infantile nystagmus?

A

albinism, congenital absence of iris, underdeveloped optic nerves

41
Q

When is infantile nystagmus developed/observed?

A

2-3 months of age

42
Q

How do you diagnose infantile nystagmus?

A

check for other visual changes, vertigo, neurlogic symptoms, eye movements

43
Q

What is the clinical presentation of papilledema?

A

bilateral, nonpainful optic disk swelling (raised intracranial pressure), visual field loss and acuity

44
Q

What is the causation of papilledema?

A

Idioapathic intracranial hypertension (chronic and long term)
Space occupying lesions
Blockage of CSF, cerebral edema, meningitis

45
Q

How do you diagnose papilledema?

A

Bulge on eye exam

46
Q

How do you treat papilledema?

A

Reducing ICP, weight loss if obese, and acetazolamide
Reduce fluid –> reduce pressure

47
Q

What is the normal IOP?

A

10-21

48
Q

What is the IOP for glaucoma ?

A

> 50

Clinical Medicine I (33 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions