Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Patho Fall 2019 > Neuro Exam 1 > Flashcards

Neuro Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Characteristics of Nervous System

A

“wired”, short distances, rapid speed of response, brief duration of action, influences other major control systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Sensory input travels via which pathway?

A

Afferent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Pathway: output from CNS to periphery

A

Efferent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Command/Action from brain/spinal cord

A

Efferent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Skeletal muscle is through which division of the nervous system?

A

Efferent then Somatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Autonomic NS is through which division?

A

Efferent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Processing highway of neuronal structures

A

Interneurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Afferent division of NS is comprised of what?

A

Sensory stimuli and visceral stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is visceral stimuli?

A

autonomic afferent input - connected to autonomic NS via reactionary loops

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

unit of flow in NS

A

electrical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

where do cells receive information?

A

dendrites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Where is action potential started?

A

axon hillock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

where does action potential end?

A

axon terminal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what will action potential result in?

A

stimulatory or inhibitory response onto next cell depending on input

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Function of myelin sheath?

A

Speed up conduction (time it takes) for action potential to move down axon, prevents signal loss, ensures action potential reaches axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Location of myelin sheath

A

Axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What would happen without myelin sheath?

A

Conduction would be slow or signal loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Multiple sclerosis

A

Autoimmune destruction of myelin proteins (demyelinating condition)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Myelination in PNS is provided by?

A

Schwann cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Myelination in CNS is provided by?

A

Oligodendrocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Patellar reflex is an example of what?

A

Interneurons splitting to create multiple motor neuron responses (quad and hamstring)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Difference between afferent & efferent neurons

A

cell body location. Sensory - closer to axon terminals in afferent neurons. Motor - cell body in CNS; axon terminal in in PNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

“job” of interneurons

A

process sensory signal to set point & create motor response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

location of interneurons

A

spinal cord and brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Membrane Potential units

A

millivolts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Membrane Potential definition

A

The charge inside the cell compared to the charge outside the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

membrane potential is determined by

A
  1. Ions present inside vs outside the cell
  2. Relative proportions of those ions
  3. How permeable the membrane is to the ions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Relevant ions to membrane potential

A

Sodium, Potassium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Inside of cell is?

A

-70mV at resting cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Cause of negative charge inside resting cell?

A
  1. Segregation of negatively charged amino acids & proteins inside cell
  2. Plasma Membrane that is impermeable to positive charges that want to enter
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Two types of cells where membrane potential undergoes significant changes

A

Excitable cells
Fluctuations: Action Potentials
Found in: neuronal cells & muscle cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Potassium will move towards concentration gradient or charge gradient?

A

Concentration gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Which two gradients cause movement between inside & outside cell?

A

Concentration and electrical

34
Q

K+ concentration gradient is?

A

Pointing outside of cell, -90mV

35
Q

Na+ concentration gradient is?

A

Pointing into cell

36
Q

Na+ electrical gradient is?

A

Pointing into cell

37
Q

Na Equilibrium Potential?

A

+60mV; meaning this would be the charge required inside cell to make Na happy and balance it out

38
Q

K Equilibrium Potential?

A

-90mV

39
Q

Resting potential

A

-70mV

40
Q

When membrane potential becomes less negative (more positive)

A

depolarization

41
Q

action potential characteristic

A

all or nothing; threshold potential

42
Q

threshold potential

A

-50mV

43
Q

Action Potential allows for what in neuronal cells?

A

Coding of information and communication between cells

44
Q

Action Potential allows for what in muscle cells?

A

Muscle contraction

45
Q

Located in Frontal Lobe, sits next to parietal lobe, line in between

A

Central Sulcus

46
Q

Anterior to Central Sulcus

A

Primary Motor Cortex

47
Q

Posterior to Central Sulcus

A

Primary Somatosensory Cortex

48
Q

All conscious sensation is perceived here

A

Primary somatosensory cortex

49
Q

All voluntary motor movements originate here

A

Primary motor cortex

50
Q

3 main areas of brain responsible for motor movement

A

primary motor cortex, basal ganglia, cerebellum

51
Q

Time at which brain plasticity is highest

A

childhood

52
Q

Area responsible for comprehension of language (not hearing, but understanding)

A

Wernicke’s Area

53
Q

Located in Temporal Lobe - Combines auditory input and other senses (touch, sight, smell) and feeds into Wernicke’s area

A

Anglular Gyrus

54
Q

Where we generate language - controls production of speech by communication through motor cortex

A

Broca’s Area

55
Q

Inability to speak

A

Aphasia

56
Q

Receptive Aphasia

A

Wernicke’s - cannot comprehend language; Language is nonsense

57
Q

Expressive Aphasia

A

Injury to Brocas Area - know what you want to say but cannot say it. Can’t even write it

58
Q

Brodmann’s Areas

A

Specific reference point in brain mapped out

59
Q

Non-neuronal supportive cells

A

Glial Cells

60
Q

3 types of Non-neuronal supportive cells

A

Glial cells

  1. Astrocytes - part of BBB, physical. Surrounds capillaries in brain. Help regulate composition of brain ECF
  2. Oligodendrocytes
  3. Ependymal Cells - epithelial cell that forms walls of ventricles
61
Q

2 types of fluid in brain

A

CSF, brain extracellular fluid

62
Q

Difference between 2 fluids in brain

A

Produced in different way and located in different area. Otherwise composition is same

63
Q

ECF is produced how?

A

Plasma moving through BBB

64
Q

Fluid moving around larger structures (ventricular system) in brain

A

CSF

65
Q

CSF is produced where?

A

Choroid Plexus

66
Q

ECF is located where?

A

Microcirculation - BBB is filtering plasma to create brain ECF

67
Q

CSF is located where?

A

Choroid Plexus filtering blood & creating CSF in ventricles

68
Q

Why is there reduced Na, K in CSF?

A

To reduce excitability and therefore lower the risk of a seizure

69
Q

CSF leaves ventricles where?

A

Right lateral or medial aperture

70
Q

Apertures connect what?

A

Cerebral Ventricles and subarachnoid space

71
Q

CSF leaves brain from where?

A

Subarachnoid space to central sagittal sinus then to circulation

72
Q

How many layers in BBB?

A

3

73
Q

What is a tight junction?

A

Located on endothelial cell - 2 ends are connected via adhesion proteins (as opposed to normal endothelial cell with gap)

74
Q

What can passively diffuse across BBB?

A

lipid soluble

75
Q

Median Eminence

A

Circumventricular Organ - “leaky” region of BBB

76
Q

Reason that some areas of brain allow leaky BBB

A

infection may cause fever due to median eminence detecting infection; do not want whole brain to be exposed to infection

77
Q

Na+ equilibrium potential

A

+60 mV

78
Q

Area of brain that regulates Baseline function

A

Brain stem

79
Q

Area of brain responsible for motor movement

A

Cerebellum

80
Q

Appetite, temperature, emotional reactions

A

Hypothalamus which includes limbic system

Patho Fall 2019 (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions