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Patho Fall 2019 > Ex2L2 NS > Flashcards

Ex2L2 NS Flashcards

1
Q

Patellar reflex is controlled by

A

Spine - L2-L4

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2
Q

Spinal reflex

A

Brain does not control at all

Input/output solely via spinal cord

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3
Q

Sensory input of patellar reflex

A

Rapid muscle stretch (quad) - detected via stretch receptors (muscle spindle nerve fiber)

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4
Q

Motor output of patellar reflex

A

Contraction of quadricep muscle (reflex)

Relaxation of hamstring

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5
Q

Pt with T6 injury - how would patellar reflex work?

A

Reflex still intact - if eyes closed, may not know it happened

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6
Q

Electrical signals between cells

A

Fast communication

Most often found in cardiac cells

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7
Q

Communication via neuronal cells is done via

A

Chemical signals

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8
Q

What determines if a neurotransmitter causes an excitatory or inhibitory action?

A

The kind of ion channel that opens on second cell

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9
Q

Sodium channel opens - creates a ____ effect

A

Excitatory

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10
Q

Depolarization on second cell results in ____ effect

A

Excitatory

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11
Q

Potassium channel opens - creates a ____ effect

A

Inhibitory

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12
Q

Hyperpolarization on second cell results in ____ effect

A

Inhibitory

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13
Q

Most common type of neurotransmitters in brain

A

Amino acids

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14
Q

2 most common amino acids in brain

A

Glycine, glutamate

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15
Q

Catecholamines

A

Type of monoamine

Dopamine, Norepinephrine, Epinephrine

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16
Q

Co-released with neurotransmitters

A

Neuropeptides

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17
Q

neuropeptides carry out

A

Neuromodification

18
Q

Modify response by second cell, “upregulate”

A

Neuromodification

19
Q

Neuromodification is thought to be

A

LTP - one theory of learning in the brain

20
Q

Synapse consists of

A

presynaptic cell
post synaptic cell
synaptic cleft (space in between the 2 cells)

21
Q

Vesicles of NT are manufactured where

A

Cell body

22
Q

Signal to release NT

A

AP reaching axon terminal

23
Q

After AP reaches terminal, what occurs

A

Axon terminal depolarizes

24
Q

After axon terminal depolarizes, what occurs?

A

Opening of voltage gated ca2+ channels, Ca2+ flows in

25
Q

What creates exocytosis

A

Calcium

26
Q

Exocytosis

A

Vesicles filled with neurotransmitters merge with cell plasma membrane, contents dump out

27
Q

After exocytosis occurs, what happens next?

A

Acetylcholine floods synaptic cleft, diffuses across, binds to Ach receptor on post-synaptic cell

28
Q

Binding of Ach to post-synaptic cell results in

A

Ion channels opening, sodium enters post synaptic cell, AP & muscle contraction occur

29
Q

Most common amino acids NTs

A

Glutamate, GABA, Glycine

30
Q

Inhibitory NT

A

GABA, Glycine

31
Q

Excitatory NT

A

Glutamate

32
Q

Monoamines

A

ACh
Serotonin
Histamine
Catecholamines

33
Q

Portion of cleft where NTs release/bind to receptors

A

Active zones

-causes darkening on microscopic image

34
Q

Neuropeptides

A 
Enkephalin 
Substance P
Endorphin 
Somatostatin 
ADH
Vasopressin
35
Q

Reason for decreased levels of protein in CSF v plasma

A

Amino acids (NTs) in CSF would wreak havoc

36
Q

Where else are neuropeptides found?

A

Enteric nervous system (GI fxn)

Hormones

37
Q

Neuropeptide vs hormone

A

SAME molecule - DIFFERENT location

Neuropeptide in brain is NOT a hormone (if released in neuronal cell)

Hormone - any chemical messenger released into bloodstream & acts systemically by binding to receptors

38
Q

Cells that need to work together

A

Electrically coupled

39
Q

Ion channels that bride the gap between two neighboring cells

A

Gap junctions

40
Q

Example of gap junctioned to act as a single unit

A

Photoreceptors

Patho Fall 2019 (13 decks)

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