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Patho Fall 2019 > Miscellaneous > Flashcards

Miscellaneous Flashcards

1
Q

Free radicals

A

Any element with unpaid electron in outer cell

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2
Q

Free radical in biological form

A

Reactive oxygen species

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3
Q

Lipid peroxidation

A

Damage plasma membrane, cause lysis

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4
Q

Disruption of polypeptide chains

A

Alter function of proteins, enzymes

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5
Q

DNA damage

A

Mutations

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6
Q

If cell swelling is not reversed, what will happen?

A

Organelle swelling, ultimately cell death

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7
Q

Reactive oxygen species are what?

A

O2 in different form, anything unpaired as it will destruct bonds to steal electrons where they can to complete their own outer shell. Bonds broken - injury caused

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8
Q

Reactive oxygen species occurs in anything with?

A

Aerobic metabolism

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9
Q

What neutralizes reactive oxygen species?

A

Antioxidants

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10
Q

Peroxidation of membrane lipids effects

A

Increased membrane rigidity, decreased activity of membrane bound enzymes (sodium pumps), altered activity of membrane receptors, altered permeability

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11
Q

Formation of free radicals can be decreased by doing what?

A

Decrease caloric intake, decrease cell metabolism, decrease reactive o2 species, decrease cell aging

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12
Q

What increases reactive oxygen species production?

A

UV light exposure, ionizing radiation, smoking anything in any form, air pollution, inflammation in body

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13
Q

Liquefactive necrosis

A

Nervous tissue from external cell injury

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14
Q

External cell death

A

Coagulative necrosis

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15
Q

Necrosis that occurs in lymph nodes

A

Caseous necrosis

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16
Q

Necrosis that occurs in lymph nodes of lungs in patients with TB

A

Caseous Necrosis

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17
Q

Necrosis in Pancreas

A

Fat necrosis

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18
Q

Necrosis in breast and adipose tissue

A

Fat necrosis

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19
Q

Necrotic cell death appears to be ____

A

Exploding

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20
Q

Apoptosis the cell appears to be ______

A

Collapsing or imploding

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21
Q

Lipid accumulation most commonly occurs

A

Liver

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22
Q

Lipid accumulation in liver

A

Increased triglyceride levels leads to fatty liver

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23
Q

Change in functional demand may cause

A

Hypertrophy, hyperplasia, atrophy

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24
Q

Which is not an adaptive method? Metaplasia, dysplasia, hyperplasia, atrophy

A

Dysplasia

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25
Q

What physiologic change occurs during heat exhaustion?

A

Hemoconcentration occurs d/t loss of salt and water

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26
Q

Consequence of plasma membrane damage to mitochondria

A

Influx of calcium ions halts ATP production

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27
Q

Consequence of leakage of lysosomal enzymes during chemical injury

A

Enzymatic digestion of cellular organelles including nucleus and nucleolus which halts synthesis of DNA and RNA

28
Q

Lead causes damage in cell by interfering with?

A

Calcium

29
Q

Difference between subdural hematoma and epidural hematoma

A

Subdural hematoma results from shaken baby syndrome, epidural hematoma rapidly forms from skull fracture

30
Q

What mechanism occurs in liver cells as a result of lipid accumulation

A

Increase synthesis of triglycerides from fatty acids and decreased synthesis of apoproteins

31
Q

Hemoprotein accumulations are result of excessive storage of?

A

Iron - which is transferred from cells to bloodstream

32
Q

Hemosiderosis is a condition that results in excess of what being stored as hemosiderin in cells

A

Iron

33
Q

What is the cause of free calcium in cytosol that damages cell membranes by uncontrolled enzyme activation?

A

Depletion of ATP normally pumps calcium from cell

34
Q

Necrosis that is associated with wet gangrene?

A

Liquefactive - when neutrophils invade the site

35
Q

Non dividing cells can only occur in ?

  • GI lining
  • hyperplasia
  • hypertrophy
A

Hypertrophy

36
Q

Dysplasia refers to a

  • abnormal increase in the number of a specific cell type
  • adaptive process at cell level
  • modification in the shape of a specific cell type
A

Modification in shape of a specific cell type

37
Q

What organs are effected by the type of necrosis that results from either severe ischemia or chemical injury?

A

Kidneys, heart

38
Q

Other than osmosis, what force is involved in movement of water between plasma and interstitial fluid spaces?

A

Hydrostatic pressure

39
Q

________ pressure encourages water to cross the barrier of capillaries to enter the circulatory system

A

Oncotic

40
Q

Which nerves are capable of regeneration?

A

Myelinated nerves in the PNS

41
Q

Causes of hypocalcemia

A

Repeated blood admin, pancreatitis (release of lipases into soft tissue space, free fatty acids formed bind to Ca, causing decrease in ionized calcium)

42
Q

Groups at risk for fluid imbalance

A

Infants, obese, elderly

43
Q

Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure can result from?

A

Venous obstruction or Na/h20 retention

44
Q

Two thirds of body’s water is found in

A

Intracellular

45
Q

What pH will initiate the formation of NH4 from NH3?

A

Acidosis 7.25

46
Q

Physiologic pH 7.4 means bicarbonate and carbonic acid exist in a ratio of

A

20:1

47
Q

Most common cause of hypermagnesemia

A

Renal failure

48
Q

Excessive use of magnesium containing antacids and aluminum containing antacids can result in

A

Hypophosphatemia - most common cause is intestinal malabsorption and renal excretion of phosphate

49
Q

Chvostek and trousseau signs indicate what electrolyte imbalance

A

Hypocalcemia

50
Q

What changes occur to cells resting membrane potential during hyperkalemia

A

Hypopolarization (more positive on inside of cell)

51
Q

Causes of hyperkalemia

A

Renal failure, trauma, insulin deficiency, metabolic acidosis, Addison’s disease

52
Q

Major determinant of resting membrane potential depends on ratio of what?

A

Intra and extracellular K+

53
Q

Pathophysiologic process of edema is related to?

A

Lymphatic obstruction
OR increased capillary hydrostatic pressure, dec plasma oncotic pressure, increased capillary membrane permeability, sodium retention

54
Q

Vomiting induced metabolic acidosis causes?

A

Retention of bicarbonate to maintain anion balance

55
Q

What causes confusion, convulsions, cerebral hemorrhage and coma in hypernatremia?

A

High sodium in blood vessels pulls water out of brain cells into brain vessels, causing brain cells to shrink

56
Q 
What can cause hypernatremia? 
SIADH
Hypersecretion of aldosterone
Brief bouts of vomiting or diarrhea 
Excessive diuretic therapy
A

Hypersecretion of aldosterone

57
Q

Thirst activates osmoreecptors by an increase in which blood plasma?

A

Osmotic pressure

58
Q

Secretion of ADH and perception of thirst are stimulated by

A

Increase in plasma osmolality

59
Q

Reflex activities such as heart rate, sneezing, swelling are controlled by which area of brain

A

Medulla oblongata

60
Q

Which meninge closely adheres to surface of brain/spinal cord and follows Sulci and fissures

A

Pia mater

61
Q

Membrane that separates brains cerebellum from cerebrum

A

Tentorium cerebelli

62
Q

Upper motor neurons

A

Modify spinal reflex arcs

63
Q

Eyes tracking

A

Superior colliculi

64
Q

Brain receives _____% cardiac output

A

20

65
Q

Collateral blood flow to brain

A

Circle of Willis

66
Q

BBB is dependent on

A

Astrocytes

Patho Fall 2019 (13 decks)

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