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Patho Fall 2019 > Ex2 L2 Endocrine > Flashcards

Ex2 L2 Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

Wireless system

A

No physical connection between glands that release hormones/target of hormones

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2
Q

Anything that releases a chemical messenger directly into the bloodstream

A

Endocrine gland

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3
Q

Chemical messenger released into the blood stream

A

Hormone

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4
Q

Central endocrine glands

A

Hypothalamus
Pineal Gland
Pituitary Gland

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5
Q

Peripheral endocrine gland

A

Any gland outside CNS

  1. Dedicated endocrine structures
  2. Mixed function endocrine structures
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6
Q

Dedicated endocrine glands

A

Parathyroid gland
Thyroid gland
Adrenal glands

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7
Q

Mixed function endocrine structures

A

Kidney - EPO

Reproductive - produces gametes

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8
Q

Mixed function endocrine structures

A

Organs of the body that have a primary role but in addition release hormones (almost all organs)

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9
Q

Wide ranging effects on body

A

Hormones

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10
Q

What is the only difference between taking a drug vs hormone release?

A

Source (internal = hormone; external = drug)

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11
Q

3 responses that hormones create at target cell

A
  1. Hyper/depolarization d/t open/close of ion channel
  2. 2nd messenger system - turn on/off enzymes
  3. Activates specific genes —> increase/decrease expression of proteins
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12
Q

Example of opening/closing ion channel d/t hormone release

A

Cortisol release

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13
Q

Example of second messenger system turning on/off enzyme

A

Insulin —> fat cells store glucose as fat

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14
Q

Example of hormone activation on specific genes

A

Puberty - estrogen/testosterone

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15
Q

3 types of hormones

A
  1. Polypeptide/protein hormones
  2. AA derived hormones
  3. Steroid hormones
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16
Q

All Steroid hormones are derived from

A

Cholesterol

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17
Q

Lipophilic hormones

A

Steroids

Thyroid hormones

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18
Q

Hydrophilic hormones

A

All protein/polypeptide/AA hormones

*except thyroid hormones

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19
Q

Storage of which hormone is most difficult

A

Steroids

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20
Q

Hormones that move through blood stream easiest

A

Hydrophilic hormones

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21
Q

Reason ADH/vasopressin has two names

A

Cardiology - found V1 vasoconstriction effect (Vaso)

Nephrologist - found V2 increased H2O retention (ADH)

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22
Q

Chemical messenger that acts as hormone and Neurotransmitter

A

Norepinephrine

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23
Q

Active form of thyroid hormone

A

T3

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24
Q

How does Thyroid hormone work?

A

Controls expression of genes
Genes - protein consume energy (Na/K pump)
*reason tied to metabolism

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25
Q

Cholesterol is derived from

A

Dietary or Liver

*none in diet - liver still produces

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26
Q

Who packages LDLs?

A

Liver

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27
Q

Cholesterol is packed into

A

LDLs

28
Q

What is cholesterol converted into via enzymes prior to testosterone etc.?

A

Pregnanolone

29
Q

Binding of hormone to receptor leads to

A

Second messengers and physiologic response

30
Q

Second messengers

A

Rise in cAMP or Ca2+

31
Q

Insulin and glycogen are examples of

A

Second messenger systems

32
Q

Receptor bound to promoter region of DNA (inside nucleus)

A

Nuclear Receptor

33
Q

Hormone binds to promoter region

A

Trigger translation/transcription/expression of gene

34
Q

Thyroid hormone is example of

A

Interaction with target cell —> physiologic response

**control of gene expression

35
Q

Difference between taking medication and hormone secretion

A

Negative feedback

36
Q

How does the body determine whether to produce more hormones

A

Levels of “hormone 3” are measured in bloodstream by glands that produce it

37
Q

True endocrine gland of pituitary gland

A

Anterior portion

38
Q

Hormones released from posterior pituitary

A

Oxytocin, vasopressin

39
Q

FSH/LH controlled by

A

GnRh (realeased by hypothalamus)

40
Q

ACTH controlled by

A

Hypothalamus release of CRH

41
Q

TSH controlled by

A

TRH from hypothalamus (thyroid releasing hormone)

42
Q

FSH/LH are present in

A

Men and women

43
Q

Prolactin is controlled by

A

PRH + dopamine (dominant, inhibitory) via hypothalamus

44
Q

GH is controlled by

A

GRH + someatostatin (inhibitory) from hypothalamus

45
Q

Prolactin produces

A

Breastmilk

*reinforcement will extend how long to release it

46
Q

Majority of growth hormone occurs

A

Stage II non-REM sleep

47
Q

What process occurs during sleep?

A
  1. GHRH/somatostatin from hypothalamus controls GH

2. GH acts on liver to produce IGF1/2

48
Q

Direct effects of GH

A

Stimulates growth of cells/cell division

49
Q

Indirect effects of GH

A

Acts on liver to produce IGF1/2 (opposite effects on BG - brings down BG)

50
Q

Inside thyroid gland

A

Parathyroid gland (R,L)

51
Q

Parathyroid glands regulate

A

Calcium

52
Q

Where is thyroid hormone stored

A

Colloid (inside follicular cell)

53
Q

Releases calcitonin

A

C cells

54
Q

What controls thyroid levels

A

Negative feedback of T3/T4; otherwise continuous system of maintenance

55
Q

Person who is always cold

A

Hypothyroidism

56
Q

Person who is always hot

A

Hyperthyroidism

57
Q

Catecholamines are produced in

A

Adrenal medulla

58
Q

Steroid hormones are produced in

A

Adrenal cortex

59
Q

Reproductive hormones are produced in

A

Adrenal cortex

60
Q

Adrenal medulla is part of

A

Endocrine branch of SNS

61
Q

Only layer that can produce aldosterone

A

Glomerulosa

62
Q

Cortisol levels are lowest

A

Evening hours

63
Q

Cortisol levels are highest

A

Just before waking

*reason MIs are most common in AM

64
Q

Cortisol causes

A

Vasoconstriction

65
Q

Effects of cortisol

A 
Glucose release (increased BG), muscle breakdown (amino acid release), micro breakdown of bone (calcium released), immunosuppressant (anti-inflammatory), enhances neuro-excitability 
*prioritizes energy expenditure
66
Q

Adrenal cortex produces

A

Glucocorticoids (cortisol)
Mitral corticoids - (Aldosterone)
Sex hormones

67
Q

Pathway that results in cortisol

A

CRH —> anterior pituitary —> ACTH —> bloodstream —> glucocorticoids

Patho Fall 2019 (13 decks)

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