Exam 1 Lecture 2

Question 1

What happens when ECF/ICF levels of K are too high or too low?

Answer 1

Medical emergency - can cause arrhythmias

Question 2

Causes of ICF/ECF K shifts

Answer 2

pH, insulin, catecholamines, trauma

Question 3

Acidosis - K will move where?

Answer 3

Out of cell

Question 4

Alkalosis - K will move where?

Answer 4

Into cell

Question 5

Increased insulin will cause K to move where?

Answer 5

Into cell

Question 6

Pt with hyperkalemia is given insulin. What would happen?

Answer 6

K goes into cells, pt could potentially become hypoglycemic

Question 7

Primary regulators of acid-base balance

Answer 7

Lungs and kidneys

Question 8

Major buffer systems

Answer 8

Bicarbonate/carbonic acid, hemoglobin, proteins, phosphate

Question 9

What is required for bicarb buffer system to work?

Answer 9

enzyme: carbonic anhydrase

Question 10

greatest production of cell metabolism is?

Answer 10

1. Heat (75%)

2. ATP

Question 11

Ionized molecules can ____ pass the membrane

Answer 11

easily

Question 12

____ soluble molecules can easily pass the cellular membrane

Answer 12

lipid

Question 13

Injury to cells due to reperfusion is because of?

Answer 13

inflammation

Question 14

2 most common forms of cell injury

Answer 14

hypoxia and reactive oxygen species

Question 15

Proportional decrease in cell size and content

Answer 15

atrophy

Question 16

cell number stays the same, size increases

Answer 16

hypertrophy

Question 17

cell size stays the same, cell number increases

Answer 17

hyperplasia

Question 18

types of cellular change as a result of decrease or increase in functional demand

Answer 18

atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia

Question 19

what type of cellular change occurs in DMII in the pancreas?

Answer 19

Hyperplasia and hypertrophy - eventually pancreas runs out of insulin

Question 20

alterations in cell differentiation

Answer 20

metaplasia, dysplasia

Question 21

cell is replaced by immature cell as a result of chronic injury

Answer 21

metaplasia - usually seen in endothelial cells

Question 22

precancerous change in cell

Answer 22

dysplasia

Question 23

inappropriate hypertrophy

Answer 23

left ventricular hypertrophy d/t HTN or aortic stenosis, or increased hormonal stimulation

Question 24

Difference between metaplasia and dysplasia

Answer 24

metaplasia is adaptive, if remove injury the normal cells will return

Question 25

programmed cell death

Answer 25

apoptosis