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Patho Fall 2019 > Ex2L3 Stress > Flashcards

Ex2L3 Stress Flashcards

1
Q

What does stress do to the body

A

Enhancing overall mental/physical fitness; get stronger from small doses of stress followed by rest

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2
Q

3 common physical findings of stress

A
  1. Enlargement of adrenal cortex
  2. Shrinkage of lymphatic organs
  3. Stomach/duodenal ulcers
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3
Q

Endocrinologist that discovered first basis of stress

A

Hans Selye

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4
Q

Describes basic pattern of how body responds to stress

A

General adaptation syndrome

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5
Q

Components of GAS

A
  1. Alarm phase
  2. Stage of resistance
  3. Stage of exhaustion
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6
Q

Corticosteroid activity in stages of GAS

A

Inversely proportional

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7
Q

Healthy relationship with stress

A

Moving between alarm/relationship with REST in between

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8
Q

When does adaptation occur during stress?

A

During rest

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9
Q

Thinking brain

A

Prefrontal cortex

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10
Q

Feeling and reacting brain

A

Limbic system

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11
Q

Senses life threatening danger

A

Amygdala

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12
Q

Limbic cortex

A

Frontal lobe

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13
Q

Parts of limbic system

A 
Olfactory bulb
Hypothalamus
Amygdala 
Hippocampus
Thalamus
Frontal lobe
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14
Q

Learning/short term memory is located in

A

Hippocampus

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15
Q

Reason smell is linked to emotions

A

Olfactory bulb

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16
Q

Thalamus is responsible for

A

Simply a pathway

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17
Q

Life threatening danger response (despite not real danger)

A

Amygdala

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18
Q

Primary output for limbic system

A

Hypothalamus

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19
Q

Outputs of stress response

A
  1. SNS (SC —> pre/post ganglionic cells —> organs (adrenal medulla) —> epi/norepi
  2. HPA Axis (hypothalamic -pituitary - adrenal) releases cortisol
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20
Q

Effect of chronic stress on adrenal cortex

A

Enlarges d/t constant ACTH influx

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21
Q

Fight or flight response occurs

A

Alarm phase

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22
Q

Which part of body shrinks d/t stress?

A

Organs that mediate immune function + GI tract

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23
Q

Goal of immune system

A

Protect our bodies/health from harmful microorganisms

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24
Q

Innate immunity

A

Parts of immune system that respond to infection regardless of previous experience with that specific infection
(Respond w/ same speed/intensity every time)

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25
Q

Foundation of immune system

A

Innate immunity

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26
Q

Adaptive immunity

A

Learn from experience

Becomes faster/more effective

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27
Q

Immunologic memory

A

Adaptive immunity

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28
Q

Adaptive immunity requires

A

Innate immunity

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29
Q

Antigen recognition

A

Unique aspect of adaptive immunity - knows difference between self/non self

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30
Q

What must adaptive immunity know?

A

Antigens: non-self harmful vs. harmless (pollen)

31
Q

Leukocyte

A

WBC

32
Q

Pleuripotent hematopoietic stem cell

A

Stem cells that live in red bone marrow

33
Q

Long bones composed of

A

Yellow bone marrow (fat)

34
Q

Hematopoietic stem cell found in

A

Red bone marrow (hips)

35
Q

Stem cells outcome

A

Half differentiate, half stay stem cells

36
Q

Differentiation of stem cells

A
  1. Lymphoid line

2. Myeloid line

37
Q

Lymphoid line

A

Give rise to lymphocytes

38
Q

Myeloid line produces

A

RBCs, platelets, WBCs

39
Q

First responders to infection

A

Neutrophils

40
Q

Parasitic worm Infxn responders

A

Eosinophils

41
Q

Allergic reactions - responders

A

Eosinophils

42
Q

Cell initiators of inflammatory response

A

Basophils

*packed w/histamine

43
Q

Basophils are functionally identical to

A

Mast cells

44
Q

Difference between mast cells and basophils

A

Location
Basophils - bloodstream
Mast cells - tissues

45
Q

Phagocytic cell

A

Capable of eating pathogen

46
Q

Which cells are phagocytic?

A

Macrophages, neutrophils

47
Q

Second responders

A

Macrophages

48
Q

Macrophages start out as

A

Monocytes

49
Q

Dendritic cells

A

Experts at trapping antigens, presenting them to adaptive immune system

50
Q

Critical for triggering adaptive immune responses

A

Dendritic cells

51
Q

Adaptive immune system

A

B, T lymphocytes

52
Q

NK Lymphocytes are part of

A

Innate immune system

No specificity

53
Q

Purpose of NK lymphocytes

A

Attack virus without knowing what it is until T cells activate/clear infxn (buys time)

54
Q

Granulocytes

A

Neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils

**secretory granules

55
Q

Neutrophils are packed with

A

Digestive enzymes, reactive oxygen species

**cause a mess! And damage to healthy cells

56
Q

Mast cells live near

A
  • packed with histamines

* live near capillary beds, small blood vessels

57
Q

Monocytes turn into macrophages when…

A

Triggered to respond to infxn or inflammation

58
Q

Monocytes that turn into macrophages result in

A

Atherosclerosis

59
Q

Cells that reside in circulation

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Monocytes

60
Q

Cells that reside in tissue

A

Dendritic cells
Mast cells
Macrophages

61
Q

Advantage of immune cells living in tissue

A

Live at site of potential infxn

62
Q

Coordinate, control, mediate all immune responses

A

CD4 T Cell

63
Q

The general of immunity

A

CD4 T cell

64
Q

T lymphocyte stands for

A

Thymocyte derived lymphocyte

65
Q

All lymphocytes are derived from

A

The bone marrow

66
Q

CD8 T Cell is also called

A

Cytotoxic T cell

67
Q

primary lymphoid structures

A

Bone marrow, thymus gland

68
Q

Secondary lymphoid structures

A

Where lymphocytes are going to live, wait to get activated

  • spleen
  • tonsils/adenoids
  • appendix
  • pyers patches (small intestine)
  • lymph nodes
69
Q

T cells mature in

A

Thymus gland (over trachea)

70
Q

Helper T Cells

A

CD4 T cells

71
Q

Pathogen in host cell or cancerous cell detected by

A

CD8 T cell

72
Q

Lymphatic system is constantly monitoring ________ for potential pathogens

A

ECF

73
Q

In order for pathogen to get into body, must ____-

A

Break through epithelial barrier

Patho Fall 2019 (13 decks)

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