Neuro Diseases Flashcards
Vertebrobasilar insufficiency
Decreased posterior circulation due to intermittent vertebral artery occlusion. May occur because of head rotation
Syncope, vertigo, dizziness, numbness/weakness in hands/feet, slurred speech
Thrombosis of cavernous sinus
Nerves III, IV, V1, V2 and VI are located in the cavernous sinus. Abducens nerve is the closest to the internal carotid artery that also lies within the cavernous sinus. It will most likely be the first affected nerve. Patient will not be able to move their eye laterally
Carotid sinus hypersensitivity syndrome
The carotid sinus may be hypersensitive to pressure, therefor excessive pressure to the carotid sinus can produces slow heart rate, drop in BP and fainting
Subclavian vein puncture
Often site of entry for central line placement or other diagnostic purposes
Scalp infection
Loose CT (layer 4) is dangerous because pus of blood spreads easily. Can also pass into the cranial cavity through small emissary veins to reach intracranial structure.
Congenital deafness
May be associated with first arch syndrome (abnormality of the malleus, incus or lack of auricle) or rubella infection during 7th or 8th week.
Absence of EAC
Results from failure of inward expansion of 1st pharyngeal groove and failure of meatal plug to disappear
Coloboma
Incomplete closure of retinal fissure, creating a gap in eye structure. Can occur from cornea to optic nerve
Retinochoroidal coloboma
Localized gap in the retina, usually inferior to the optic disc, typically bilateral
Coloboma of iris
Defect in inferior sector of iris, keyhole appearance of pupil
Retinal detachment
When inner and outer layers of the optic cup fail to fuse and obliterate the intraretinal space. May result from unequal rates of growth. Can also occur following a blow to the eye
Persistant hyaloid artery
Distal part of hyaloid artery normally degenerates as proximal part forms central artery of the retina. If distal portion persist, it may appear like a worm-like structure projecting from the optic disc.
Congenital cataracts
Can be caused by radiation, congenital galactosemia or rubella
Congenital glaucoma
Increased intraocular pressure in neonates. Due to abnormal development of drainage mechanism of aqueous humor during fetal period. Abnormal development of scleral venous sinus or blockage of schlemms canal
Aniridia
Lack of iris tissue or almost complete absence of the iris. Congenital cause due to mutation in PAX6. Arrest of development at the rim of the optic cup
Aspiration of foreign body
Foreign body that enters through laryngeal outlet can be trapped at the vestibular folds. Apply pressure to abdomen to force air out of lungs and dislodge object
Larynx growth
Larynx grows steadily until about age 3 when it starts slowing. At puberty, testosterone causes male laryngeal cartilage to enlarge. Cartilage tends to calcify around age 65 and can be seen on radiograph
Brachial fistula
Abnormal patency of remnants of the 2nd pharyngeal pouch or groove, results in a canal b/w the tonsillar cleft and side of neck
Brachial sinus
Results of embryonic cervical sinus failing to disappear. Opening for this sinus may exist anywhere along anterior border of SCM
Can also cause brachial cyst if the sinus does not communicate externally.
Tracheoesophageal fistula
Congenital anomaly where esophagus ends in a blind-ended pouch and the stomach communicates with the trachea or with nothing.
Stages of swallowing
One- voluntary compression of bolus against soft palate from mouth to oropharynx
Two- involuntary sealing of the nasopharynx from oropharynx with the suprahyoid and anterior longitudinal muscles that elevate larynx.
Three- involuntary sequential contraction of the three pharyngeal constriction muscles forces bolus into esophagus
Craniosynostosis
Premature fusion of cranial structures, often associated with other skeletal defects. More common in males
Scaphocephaly
Premature closing of sagittal suture causing cranium to become long, narrow and wedge shaped. 50% of cases
Brachycephaly
Premature closing of coronal suture leading to high tower-like structure. 30% of cases
