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COM Neuroendocrine > Cerebellum > Flashcards

Cerebellum Flashcards

1
Q

Main cerebellar function

A

Coordinating movements
Maintaining posture
Procedural memory

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2
Q

Organization of cerebellar gray matter

A

Molecular layer- lays next to pial surface and has few neurons. Contains basket and stellate cells
Purkinje layer- contains purkinje cells
Granular layer- deep later with granule cells and a few golgi cells
White matter- axons

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3
Q

Purkinje cells

A

Efferents-Output from cerebellar cortex
Inhibitory to deep cerebellar and vestibular nuclei
Use GABA

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4
Q

Granule cells

A

Smallest neurons, only excitatory neurons in cerebellum

Use glutamate

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5
Q

Stellate cells

A

Their axons synapse only with purkinje cells and inhibit them
Start shaped stellate dendrites

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6
Q

Golgi cells

A

Inhibitory neurons
Use GABA
Large scattered neurons with short axons

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7
Q

Basket cells

A

Their axons synapse with purkinje cells and inhibit them

Use GABA

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8
Q

Climbing fibers

A

Cerebellar afferent fibers originating in inferior olive
Myelinated with excitatory influence on purkinje cells
Convey info regarding movement errors to the cerebellum

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9
Q

Mossy fibers

A

Afferent cerebellar fibers originating from spinal cord, reticular formation, vestibular system and pontine nuclei
Synapse with granulocytes
Convey somatosensory, arousal, equilibrium and cerebral cortex motor info to cerebellum so that we can do the proper movement that we’re intending to do

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10
Q

Vestibulocerebellum

A

Functional name for flocculonodular lobe
Receives info directly from vestibular receptors
Sends output to the vestibular nuclei
Also receives info from visual areas
Functions to influence eye movements and postural muscles of the head and body
Some purkinje fibers leave and go straight to vestibular nuclei and some stop at fastigial nuclei

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11
Q

Spinocerebellum

A

Functional name for vermis and paravermal region
Somatosensory info, internal feedback from spinal interneurons and sensorimotor cortex
Functions to control ongoing movement via the brainstem descending tracts
-Axial and LE movements, gait and station

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12
Q

Pontocerebellum or neocerebellum or cerebrocerebellum

A

Located in lateral hemispheres of cerebellum
Input from cerebral cortex (premotor, sensorimotor, and others) via pontine nuclei
Functions in coordination of voluntary movements, planning of movements and timing
Fibers leave via perkinje fibers

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13
Q

Afferents enter the cerebellum via

A

Cerebellar peduncles

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14
Q

Afferents entering from vestibular system

A

Vestibular nuclei and cranial nerve VIII via mossy fibers

Enter via inferior cerebellar peduncle (juxtarestiform body)

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15
Q

Afferents entering from spinal cord

A

Anterior spinocerebellar tract - leg info
Posterior spinocerebellar tract- leg info (keim wants us to pay attention to this one)
Cuneocerebellar tract- arm info (pay attention to this one as well)
All via mossy fibers
Entering via inferior cerebellar peduncle

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16
Q

Afferents entering from cerebral cortex

A

Cortico-pontocerebellar via mossy fibers
Cortico-olivocerebellar via climbing fibers
Cortico-reticulocerebellar via mossy fibers
Enter from middle cerebellar peduncle

17
Q

Posterior spinocerebellar tract

A

Axons carrying unconscious proprioceptive info from lower limb
1st order neurons enter via DRG and ascends in gracile fasciculus- synapse in dorsal nucleus of Clarke (gray matter from C8-L2)
2nd order neurons ascend in dorsolateral funiculus (posterior spinocerebellar tract)
Enter cerebellum via inferior cerebellar peduncle (restiform body)

18
Q

Cuneocerebellar tract

A

Axons carrying unconscious proprioceptive info from upper limb
1st order neurons enter via DRG and ascends in cuneate fasciculus- synapses in accessory (lateral) cuneate nucleus in lower medulla
2nd order neurons from accessory cuneate nucleus ascends to cerebellum and enters via the inferior cerebellar peduncle (restiform body)

19
Q

Superior cerebellar peduncle

A

Major efferent route from the globose, emboliform and dentate nuclei
Afferent fibers from ventral spinocerebellar tract run here too

20
Q

Middle cerebellar peduncle

A

Largest peduncle

Afferent fibers from pontine nuclei relayed to cortex

21
Q

Inferior cerebellar peduncle

A

Primarily afferent pathways from spinal cord

22
Q

Cerebrocerebellum

A

Precise, coordinated movements of extremities, mainly UE

23
Q

Fastigial nuclei

A

Receives info from spinocerebellum and vestibulocerebellum
Sends efferents to pontine and medullary reticular formation which then affects reticulospinal tracts and helps with posture
Also sends efferents to vestibular nuclei which then affects vestibulospinal tracts

24
Q

Dentate nucleus

A 
Receives info from cerebrocerebellum via purkinje fibers
Sends efferents (leaving through superior cerebellar peduncle) to red nucleus (affect rubrospinal tract and flexion of upper limbs) and thalamus
25
Q

Globose and emboliform nuclei (interposed nuclei)

A

Receives info from spinocerebellum via perkinje fibers
Sends efferents to red nucleus and thalamus
Also sends fibers to inferior olivary nucleus which then sends fibers back to cerebellum- this system is very important for correcting movement errors

26
Q

Unilateral lesions of cerebellum

A

Affects ipsilateral side (because cerebellar fibers cross to opposite cerebral cortex and then corticospinal tracts cross back over to the original side)
Ataxia - common to all lesions of cerebellum
Ataxia is a voluntary, normal strength, jerky and inaccurate movements not associated with hyperstiffnes
Presents as wide gate and guarding- sometimes called drunken sailor gate

27
Q

Lesion of vestibulocerebellum

A

Nystagmus
Truncal ataxia- difficulty maintaining sitting and standing balance
Truncal instability (titubation-hips will move back and forth or head moves back and forth like saying no) - cant tandem walk (one foot in front of other)
Results in midline ataxia

28
Q

Lesions of spinocerebellum

A

Gait and truncal ataxia- wide base, staggering base

Results in midline ataxia

29
Q

Midline ataxia

A

Truncal instability
Titubation
Gate ataxia

30
Q

Lesion of cerebrocerebellum

A

Dysarthria- slurred poorly articulated speech
Ataxic gate- staggering ataxic gate with tendency to fall forward side of lesion
Appendicular ataxia
Decomposition of movements
Limb ataxia manifestations:
Dysdiadochokinesia- inability to rapidly alternate movements
Dysmetria- inability to accurately move an intended distance
Action tremor- shaking of the limb during voluntary movement

31
Q

Appendicular ataxia

A

Cerebrocerebellar problems
Ataxia of speech
Hypotonia
Decomposition of movement
Dysmetria- inability to move intended distances
Dysdiadochokinesia-difficulty performing rapidly alternating movements

32
Q

Cerebellar ataxia vs sensory ataxia

A

Cerebellar ataxia:
Positive rombergs test
Unable to stand with feet together eyes open or closed
Normal vibratory sense, proprioception and ankle reflexes
Sensory ataxia:
Can stand with feet together with eyes open, but not closed (Romberg test)
Abnormal vibratory sense, proprioception and ankle reflexes

33
Q

Exam of vestibulocerebellum and spinocerebellum

A

Station
Walking
Tandem gait

34
Q

Exam of cerebrocerebellum

A 
Rapid alternating movements
Finger to nose
Toe to finger
Heel to shin
Rebound and check reflex
Speech

COM Neuroendocrine (46 decks)

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