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COM Neuroendocrine > Hypothalamus and Limbic Systems > Flashcards

Hypothalamus and Limbic Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Lateral zone of the hypothalamus

A

Contains the median forebrain bundle

Damage results in a decrease in feeding behavior with resultant weight loss

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2
Q

Supraoptic region nuclei

A

Supraoptic/paraventricular nucleus
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
Anterior nucleus

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3
Q

Supraoptic/paraventricular nucleus

A

Contain oxytocin and ADH which go to the posterior pituitary

Lesion can result in diabetes insipidus, increased H2O intake, increased urination

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4
Q

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

A

Receives retinal input and is involved in circadian rhythms
Damage to this area may modify these rhythms
Gene products indirectly control melatonin secretion

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5
Q

Anterior nucleus

A

Range of visceral/somatic functions

Temperature regulation

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6
Q

Medial zone nuclei

A

Medial mammillary nucleus in posterior region

Ventromedial and dorsomedial nuclei in tuberal region

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7
Q

Medial mammillary nucleus

A

Afferents from the hippocampus via the fornix
Efferents to thalamus and brain stem
Lesions result in an inability to process short term events into long term memory

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8
Q

Ventromedial nucleus

A

Considered to be a satiety center

Lesions cause excessive eating and abnormal weight gain

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9
Q

Dorsomedial nucleus

A

Subserves function of emotional behavior
Stimulation causes sham rage
Destruction results in decreased aggression and feeding

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10
Q

What nuclei are served by the anterior communicating and anterior cerebral A1 arteries

A

Preoptic and supraoptic region: supraoptic/paraventricular, suprachiasmatic, anterior nuclei
Rostral part of lateral zone

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11
Q

What nuclei are served by posterior communicating artery and posterior cerebral P1 segment

A

Rostral posterior communicating artery- tuberal region

Caudal posterior communicating artery- mammillary region

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12
Q

Fornix

A

Afferent fibers
Arises from subiculum and hippocampus
Largest single input to the hypothalamus

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13
Q

Medial forebrain bundle

A

Afferent dopaminergic fibers (part of limbic system)
Interconnects septal nuclei, hypothalamus and midbrain tegmentum
Courses through lateral hypothalamic zone

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14
Q

Amygdalohypothalamic fibers

A

Afferent fibers
Stria terminalis and ventral amydalofugal pathways
Both target septal nuclei, preoptic area and medial hypothalamic zone

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15
Q

Mammillary fasciculus

A

Efferent fibers
Originates in medial mammillary nucleus
Bifurcates into mammillothalamic and mammillotegmental tracts
Projects to anterior nucleus of thalamus, an important part of the circuit of papez

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16
Q

Hypothalamothalamic fibers

A

Efferent fibers

From lateral preoptic area to the dorsomedial nucleus of the thalamus and amygdaloid nucleus

17
Q

Hypothalamomedullary fibers

A

Direct link to ANS

Travel to solitary nucleus, dorsal vagal motor nucleus and nucleus ambiguus

18
Q

Hypothalmospinal fibers

A

Direct link to ANS
Travel to interomediolateral cell column (GVE preganglionics)
Lesions in anterolateral medulla disrupt these fibers and disrupt sympathetic flow to the face (horners syndrome) and the body

19
Q

Posterior longitudinal fasciculus and mammillotegmental tract

A

Indirect link to ANS
Both target the PAG
PAG will target other visceral areas of the brainstem and influence autonomic nuclei there

20
Q

Hippocampal formation

A

Includes hippocampus, subiculum, entorhinal cortex and dentate gyrus
CA1, CA2, CA3, CA4

21
Q

Afferent pathway of hippocampal formation

A

Dentate gyrus –> CA3 —> CA1 –> Subiculum

22
Q

Efferent pathway of hippocampal formation

A

Subiculum–>Fornix

Terminates in medial mammillary nucleus, ventromedial nucleus and anterior nucleus of thalamus

23
Q

Cingulate gyrus

A

Afferents from thalamus and cortex

Projects to entorhinal cortex via the cingulum

24
Q

Amygdala afferents

A

Afferents from inferior temporal association cortex, thalamus, septum and olfactory tract, brainstem

25
Q

Amygdala efferents

A

Stria terminalis- outputs to the hypothalamus and basal ganglia to permit motor behavioral responses
Ventral amydalofugal pathway- Major efferent fiber bundle with two general trajectories:
Hypothalamus/septal nuclei, frontal/prefrontal cortex, cingulate and insular cortices
Brainstem to terminate in visceral (dorsal motor vagal) and raphe nuclei

26
Q

Papez circuit

A

Simplification of the role of limbic system in modulating feelings
Cingulate gyrus projects–> hippocampal formation (subiculum and entorhinal cortex)
Hippocampus–> fornix–> medial mammillary nucleus
Medial mammillary nucleus–> anterior nucleus of thalamus (via mammillothalamic tract)
Anterior nucleus–> cingulate gyrus

27
Q

Septal region

A

Limbic structure thought to help control rage behavior

28
Q

Nucleus accumbens

A

Receives input from amygdala and hippocampus
Important role in behaviors related to addiction and chronic pain
Efferents include hypothalamus, brainstem and globus pallidus

29
Q

VTA ventral tegmental area

A

Large number of dopaminergic neurons
Form connections with ventral striatum, amygdala, and other limbic structures
Efferents to nucleus accumbens plays important role in reward and motivation, may contribute to addiction

30
Q

Hippocampal amnesia

A

Bilateral hippocampal lesions
Deficit in anterograde episodic memory, but spared procedural and working memory
I.Q. and formal reasoning remain about normal

31
Q

Korsakoffs syndrome

A

Progressive degeneration of mammillary bodies, hippocampal complex and dorsomedial thalamic nucleus
Impedes retention of new memories - Short term cannot go long term
Difficulty learning new tasks
Difficulty understanding written material or conducting meaningful conversations
Patients combine fragmented memories into a new memory that never occurred
Caused by thiamine deficiency associated with chronic alcoholism

32
Q

Phantosmia

A

Olfactory hallucination
Distortion in a smell experience or the perception of a smell when no odor is present
Lesion of anterior/medial temporal lobe can cause this
Or lesion of hippocampus, amygdala or medial dorsal thalamic nuclei

33
Q

Kluver Bucy syndrome

A

Bilateral temporal lobe lesions that abolish amygdaloid complex
Visual agnosia - cannot recognize objects
Hyperorality- tendency to examine objects by mouth
Hypermetamorphosis- compulsion to intensively explore the immediate environment or overreact to visual stimuli
Placidity- may not show fear or anger even when appropriate
Hyperaphagia- excessive eating even when not hungry or eating objects that aren’t food
Hypersexuality

34
Q

Uncal herniation

A

Dilated pupil with double vision ipsilateral to lesion
Weakness of extremities contralaterally
Respiration can be affected, abnormal reflexes

COM Neuroendocrine (46 decks)

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