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com neuroendocrine > Gross Brain, Brainstem and Spinal Cord > Flashcards

Gross Brain, Brainstem and Spinal Cord Flashcards

1
Q

Gray matter

A

Areas containing neuronal/glial cell bodies and dendrites

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2
Q

White matter

A

Areas where there is a collection of axons, many covered with myelin
Fasciculus, funiculus, lemniscus, peduncle and tract are all terms for white matter

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3
Q

Frontal lobe areas

A

Precentral gyrus, and superior, middle and inferior frontal gyri make up the lateral surface of frontal lobe

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4
Q

Precentral gyrus houses what and what is their function

A

Primary motor cortex
Premotor and supplementary motor areas occupy the remainder of the precentral gyrus and portions of frontal gyri
- planning and initiating voluntary movements

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5
Q

Brocas area location/brief description of function

A

Opercular and triangular parts of inferior frontal gyrus (only in one hemisphere, usually left)
-important in motor aspects of written/spoken language

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6
Q

Prefrontal cortex location and brief description of function

A

Occupies the rest of frontal lobe

-Involved with executive functions, personality, decision making, insight and foresight

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7
Q

Parietal lobe areas/functions

A

Postcentral gyrus- corresponds to primary somatosensory cortex; contrals w/processing of tactile and proprioceptive information, sensory localization
Inferior parietal lobule (one hemisphere, usually left)- involved in language comprehension
Remainder of parietal cortex has aspects in spatial orientation and directing attention

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8
Q

Homonculus

A

A somatotopic map reflecting where somatosensory information enters the brain

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9
Q

Temporal lobe areas/functions

A

Superior, middle and inferior temporal gyri
Inferior surface is made up of broad occipitotemporal (fusiform) gyrus
Superior surface, continuing as a small area of the superior gyrus, is the primary auditory cortex
Wernicke’s area is located on the posterior portion of the superior temporal gyrus (one hemisphere, usually left) is important in comprehension of language
Inferior surface is involved in higher-order processing of visual information
Most medial part is involved in learning and memory
Also includes supramarginal & angular gyri

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10
Q

Limbic structures

A

Mostly composed of the cingulate and parahippocampal gyri
Anterior end of parahippocampal gyrus hooks back on itself forming a medial bump, the uncus
Folded into the temporal lobe at the hippocampal sulcus is the hippocampus
Amygdala lies beneath the uncus of the temporal lobe
Limbic lobe is important in emotional responses, drive related behavior and memory

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11
Q

Insula

A

Additional area of cerebral cortex not included in the five lobes
Lies buried in lateral sulcus
Concealed by portions of frontal, parietal and temporal lobes
Can be seen by prying opening lateral sulcus or by removing opercula of frontal, parietal or temporal lobes
Circular sulcus outlines the insula and marks its borders with the opercular areas of cortex

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12
Q

Occipital lobe areas/functions

A

Lateral surface contains lateral occipital gyri
Cuneus, a wedge shaped area b/w parietooccipital and calcarine sulci
Primary visual cortex is contained in the walls of the calcarine sulcus
Remainder of lobe is the visual association cortex which is involved in higher order processing of visual information

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13
Q

Diencephalon

A

Accounts for only 2% of brain mass but is very important
Includes hypothalamus, epithalamus and subthalamus
Inferior surface of hypothalamus is visible on an intact brain, including the infundibular stalk- two rounded protuberances, mamillary bodies are also visable

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14
Q

Basal nuclei

A

Group of nuclei that lie deep to the cerebral cortex in each hemisphere
Caudate & lenticular nucleus (subdivided into putamen and globus pallidus)
Lenticular nuclei are physically separated from the thalamus and caudate by a thick sheet of fibers, the internal capsule
Internal capsule contains most of the fibers interconnecting the cerebral cortex & thalamus, basal nuclei and brainstem

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15
Q

Arcuate fibers

A

Connect cortical areas within the same sulci/gyri

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16
Q

Longitudinal/association fasciculi

A

Connect cortical areas within the same hemisphere

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17
Q

Projection tracts

A

Connect cortical areas within other body regions

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18
Q

Corpus callosum

A

Interconnects the two cerebral hemispheres, contains somewhere around 250 million axons

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19
Q

Anterior commissure

A

Commissural fibers to/from temporal lobe (especially inferior parts)

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20
Q

Brainstem role/areas

A

Plays major role in cranial nerve function, conveys info to/from forebrain
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla

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21
Q

Midbrain

A

Houses the tectum (latin for roof) of the midbrain
Superior and inferior colliculi, paired bumps posterior to cerebral aqueduct
Paired cerebral peduncles make up most of midbrain

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22
Q

Pons

A

Protruding basal pons & pontine tegmentum forms part of floor of 4th ventricle

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23
Q

Medulla

A

Rostral open portion containing part of 4th ventricle

Caudal closed portion, continuous with SC

24
Q

Cerebellum

A

Functions in sensory information processing & influences motor neurons
Cerebellar damage results in abnormalities of equilibrium, postural control, and coordination of voluntary movements
Surface is made up of transverse ridges- folia
Prominent fissure divide it into lobes and lobules
White matter in the medullary center, composed of afferent and/or efferent fibers

25
Q

Spinal cord

A

Anterior vs posterior horns
Posterior rootlets enter SC via posterolateral sulcus, a shallow longitudinal groove
Anterior rootlets leave SC via anterolateral sulcus
Posterior and anterior rootlets–> spinal nerves

26
Q

Posterior horn

A

Substantia gelatinosa- region of gray matter that caps the posterior horn
Body- interneurons and projection neurons that transmit somatic and visceral sensory information
Lissauer’s tract- white matter located b/w substantia gelatinosa and surface of SC

27
Q

Clarks nucleus (posterior thoracic nucleus)

A

Cells located on the medial surface of the base of the posterior horn
Has a prominent role in sensory processing and typically treated as part of posterior horn

28
Q

Anterior horn

A

Cell bodies of lower MNs supplying skeletal muscles
Cells provide CNS control over body movements (voluntary or involuntary)
Influenced by different pathways to modulate movements

29
Q

Intermediate gray matter

A

Collection of various projection neurons, sensory interneurons and interneurons
Preganglionic sympathetic neurons, in the intermediolateral cell column, form the lateral horn (axons leave via ventral roots)
Sacral parasympathetic nucleus spans S2-S4 but does not form a distinct lateral horn

30
Q

Lamina I

A

Marginal zone- is a thin layer of gray matter covering the substantia gelatinosa

31
Q

Lamina II

A

Is the substantia gelatinosa

32
Q

Lamina III-VI

A

Are the body of the posterior horn

33
Q

Lamina VII

A

Corresponds to the intermediate gray matter (including Clarke’s nucleus) but also includes extensions into anterior horn

34
Q

Lamina VIII

A

Comprises some of the interneuron zones of the anterior horn

35
Q

Lamina IX

A

Consists of the clusters of motor neurons embedded in the anterior horn

36
Q

Lamina X

A

Is the zone of gray matter surrounding the central canal

37
Q

Marginal zone

A

All levels
Lamina I
Some spinothalamic tract cells

38
Q

Substantia gelatinosa

A

All levels
Lamina II
Modulate transmission of pain and temperature info

39
Q

Body of posterior horn

A

All levels
Lamina III-VI
Sensory processing

40
Q

Clarke’s nucleus

A

T1-L2
Lamina VII
Posterior spinocerebellar tract cells

41
Q

Intermediolateral column

A

T1-L3
Lamina VII
Preganglionic sympathetic neurons

42
Q

Sacral promontory nucleus

A

S2-S4
Lamina VII
Preganglionic parasympathetic neurons–> pelvic viscera

43
Q

Accessory nucleus

A

Medulla-C5
Lamina IX
Motor neurons–>sternocleidomastoid and trapezius

44
Q

Phrenic nucleus

A

C3-C5
Lamina IX
Motor neurons–>diaphragm

45
Q

Primary afferents and lower motor neurons

A

Convey info to/from the CNS
Primary afferents terminate in the CNS on second order neurons (with a few exceptions, sensory primary afferents are ipsilateral)
Lower motor neurons convey info from CNS to skeletal muscle

46
Q

Second order neurons

A

Relay a signal from primary afferents in the periphery to a target in the CNS
Can cross the midline of the body

47
Q

Third order neurons

A

Relay the message to final target in a specific cortical area(s)
Cortex decides on given output

48
Q

Ascending tracts

A

Posterior columns- convey ipsilateral proprioceptive, tactile and vibratory information from the body (not face)
Spinocerebellar tracts- information relays to cerebellum, thalamus and motor cortex to influence efficiency of motor activity
Anterolateral system- relays pain, temperature and nondiscriminative touch from body (not face)

49
Q

Descending tracts

A

Corticospinal tract- controls voluntary, fine movements of the musculature
Vestibulospinal tract- influence motor neurons innervating primarily axial and neck musculature
Rubrospinal fibers- excite flexor motor neurons and inhibit extensor motor neurons

50
Q

Retrolenticular limb of internal capsule fed by what artery

A

Anterior choroidal arteries

51
Q

Posterior limb of internal capsule fed by what artery

A

Anterior choroidal arteries

52
Q

Anterior limb of internal capsule has what tracts

A

Frontopontine
Anterior thalamic radiations
Frontal eye field

53
Q

Genu of internal capsule has what tracts

A

Corticonuclear

54
Q

Posterior limb of internal capsule has what tracts

A 
Corticorubral, cor. reticular, cor. nigral, cor. subthalamic
Superior thalamic radiations
Corticospinal
Parietopontine
Pallidothalamic
55
Q

Retrorenticular limb of internal capsule has what tracts

A

Optic radiations
Corticotectal
Corticorubral
Corticotegmental

com neuroendocrine (46 decks)

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