Neuro Flashcards
Bobath
=NDT - pt learns to control movement through functional activities that promote normal movement patterns, with emphasis on normal movement and rotation patterns.
Kabat
based on the premise that stronger parts of the body are utilized to strengthen weaker parts - balance between antagonist and agonist muscle groups - mov patterns follow diagonals with a flexion, ext, and rotation component
Rood
based on the reflex stimulus model - sensory (past and present) drives sensory input. Use of sensory stim to inhibit responses (icing, brushing), or to elicit desired reflex motor response
Brunnstrom
defines synergy patterns and encourages the use of them throughout rehab
ulnar nerve palsy
wasting of the hypothenar eminence
radial nerve palsy
wrist drop and increased wrist flexion (radial N innervates extensors)
corticospinal tract
voluntary skilled movement; damage creates positive babinski sign, absent superficial abdominal and cremasteric reflexions, and loss of fine motor/skilled voluntary movement
reticulospinal tract
extramyramidal motor tract - facilitation or inhibit of voluntary reflex activity
rubrospinal tract
extrapyramidal responsible for gross postural tone, activity of flexor muscles, and inhibiting extensor muscles
tectospinal tract
extrapyramidal - responsible for contralateral postural muscle tone with auditory/visual stimulus
forebrain
telecephalon, diacephalon
telencephalon
cerbebrum, hippocampus, basal ganglia, amygdala
diencephalon
thalamus, hypothalamus, subthalamus, epithalamus
midbrain
tectum, tegmentum
tectum
superior and inferior colliculi
tegmentum
cerbebral aqueduct, periaqueductal gray, reticular formation, substantia nigra, red nucleous
hindbrain
metencephalon, myelencephalon
metencephalon
cerebellum, pons
myelencephalon
medulla oblongata
NTM sympathetic vs. parasympathetic transmits
symp = norepinephrine; para= acetylcholine
Damage to the parietal lob causes…
Agraphia, alexia, agnosia, impaired language comprehension
Frontal lobe damage
Contralateral weakness, preservation, inattentive, Broca’s aphasia, emotional lability
Damage to temporal region
Wernikes aphasia, antisocial, aggressive, difficulty with memory, inability to categorize objects
Occipital damage
Homonymous hemianopisa, impaired color recognition, reading/writing impairment, cortical blindness if bilateral lobes are damaged
Functions of the thalamus
Relay station for processing; thalamic pain syndrome = spontaneous pain on contralateral side of the body
Hypothalamus functions
Regulating hormones; sleep, hunger, thirst & sexual behaviors
Subthalamus functions
Regulating movements by skeletal muscles
Epithalamus
Secretes melatonin
Cerebellar dysfunction
Ataxia, hypermetria, nystagmus, poor coordination, postural reflex deficits
What cranial N’s originate in the pons? In the medulla?
5,6,7,8 = pons 9,10,11 = medulla
Dura mater, arachnoid, pia … in which order superficial to deep? - what does pia matter form
Dura>arachnoid>pia
Pia = forms the choroid plexus
2 Functional tests for meningitis
Brudzinski’s sign = flexion of neck causes hips and pelvis to flex
Kernig’s sign = pain with hip flexion in combo with knee extension
How much CSF is produced per day
500-700mL
Where does the spinal cord end?
L1-2
Big signs of hydrocephalus
Agitation, vomiting, headache, change in vision, incontinence, sun setting eyes (downward deviating)
Fasciculus cuneatus and gracilis are which column?
DCML - proprioception, vibration, 2 point discrimination, graphesthesia
Cuneatus is for the head, where gracilis and trunk and BLE
Anterior spinothalamic tract vs. lateral spinothalamic
Sensory for LT and pressure vs. lateral = pain & temperature
Corticospinal tract
Voluntary movement
Brown sequard
Contralateral pain & temperature with ipsilateral movement/proprioception
Endometrium
Innermost covering of a peripheral N
Epineurium
Outermost covering of a peripheral nerve
Peroneurium
Middle layer of a peripheral nerve that maintains the blood nerve barrier
Muscle spindles and Golgi body organs
Respond to change in stretch - muscle spindles responde to low threshold stretch
Innervation of ocular muscles
SO4, LR6 & all the rest are 3
Trochlear = 4, abducens = 6
Taste to the anterior part of the tongue? Vs. posterior
Facial VII = anterior; Glossopharyngeal IX = posterior
abdominal reflex
T8-L1; stroke abdominals toward umbilicus
Corenal blink reflex
CN V + VII; both eyes blink with contact
Cremasteric reflex
L1-2; stroke medial thigh = elevation of testicle on ipsilateral side
Gag reflex
IX + X; light touch to back of throat
Plantar reflex
L5-S1; stroke lateral aspect of foot = flexion of toes; opposite of babinski (toe flaring)
deep tendon grading - what’s normal? what’s always abnormal?
2+ = normal; 0 or 4+ always abnormal
