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Neuro > Cardiopulm > Flashcards

Cardiopulm Flashcards

1
Q

bainbridge reflex

A

increased venous return leads to increased HR through inhibiting vagus

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2
Q

what is normal blood volume?

A

4.5-5.0L

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3
Q

thrombocytopenia vs. thromobocythemia

A

decreased number of platelets vs too many; increased risk of bleeding vs. increased risk of thrombus: normal = 150-450; <20 AROM/ADLs only, 20-30 light exercise only, 30-50 moderate exercise

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4
Q

leukocytosis

A

abnormally high white blood cells - can indicate infection or leukemia

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5
Q

netrophils

A

protect against infection by ingesting bacteria/debris

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6
Q

tricuspid vs. mitral valve

A

R AV valve (try again) vs. L AV valve (my turn)

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7
Q

Conduction of the heart

A

SA node > AV node (junction of R/L atrium)> bundle of His >purkinje fibers

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8
Q

in what order is the fastest/slowest conductors of the heart

A

SA = 60-100bpm(pacemaker) > AV node = 40-60bpm > Purkinje 20-40bpm

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9
Q

normal ejection fractions

A

> 55%, the lower it is the more impaired the LV

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10
Q

hyperkalemia

A

increased concentration of K+ in blood - widens the PR interval and QRS

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11
Q

hypokalemia

A

decreased K+ causes flattened T waves, prolonged PR and QT intervals - arrhythmias, ventricular fibrillation

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12
Q

Hypercalcemia

A

increased calcium concentration - increases hearts actions

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13
Q

hypocalcemia

A

depresses hearts actions

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14
Q

hyper vs hypomagnesemia

A

hyper = calcium blocker, can lead to arrhythmias or cardiac arrest; hypo = ventricular arrhythmias, coronary artery vasospasm, and sudden death

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15
Q

Grading scale for pulse (0-4+)

A

0 = no pulse, not palpable; 1+ = diminished; 2+ = easily palpable; 3+ = full pulse/increased strength; 4+ = bounding pulse

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16
Q

Normal heart rate: adults, peds, infants

A

adults = 60-100bpm; peds = 60-140bpm; infants; 90-164bpm

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17
Q

Postural tachycardia syndrome (POTS)

A

Sustained heart rate increased of >30 bpm within 10min of standing

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18
Q

Auscultation landmarks: AorticV valve, Pulmonic valve, tricupsid valve, mitral valve

A

AorticV = 2nd R intercostal space; PV = 2nd L intercostal space; Tricupsid = 4th L intercostal space; Mitral = 5th L intercostal space midclavicular line

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19
Q

Heart sounds: S1 vs. S2

A

S1 = lub - closure of mitral & tricupid = systole; S2 = dub - closure of aortic & pulmonary = end of systole (beginning of diastole) - diastole falls between S2 and S1

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20
Q

thrill

A

abnormal tremor accompanied by a vascular or cardiac murmur - can feel on palpation

21
Q

S3 vs. S4 sounds

A

S3 = soon after S2 during ventricular filling = indicative of LV heart failure (heart bumping against the chest wall); S4 = before S1 with ventricular filling - indicative of coronary artery disease (CAD), MI, or aortic stenosis

22
Q

EEG Cardiac cycle - go!

A

P wave = atrial depolarization; P-R interval = SA node> purjikne fibers; QRS complex = ventricular depolarization; ST segment = ventricular repolarization; (QT interval = electrical systole)

23
Q

How to calculate HR on a strip

A

count number of intervals between QRS complex in 6 sec strip

24
Q

Premature ventricular contraction (PVC)

A

premature beat from the ventricle > EKG: no p wave, wide & bizzare QRS complex followed by a pause; bad = more than 6/minute

25
Q

Ventricular tachycardia

A

Run of 3 or more PVCs in a row at a rapid rate of 150-200bpm; usually as a result of ventricular ischemia; nonsustained = stops in 30sec, sustained = doesn’t stop in 30 sec

26
Q

Ventricular fibrillation

A

dude you got no pulse; no QRS complex

27
Q

Atrial arrhythmia

A

P waves abnormal due to ectopic foci on the atria; atrial tachycardia = 140-250bpm; atrial flutter =250-350bpm; fibrillation >300bpm

28
Q

how much ST segment elevation is considered abnormal

A

> 1mm

29
Q

Digitalis & affect on ST segment

A

depresses ST, flattens T & shortens QT

30
Q

beta blocker

A

decreases HR, blunts heart rate response to exercise; i.e Indera, lopressor

31
Q

Nitrates

A

increase heart rate

32
Q

anti-arrhythmic agents

A

prolong QRS and QT intervals

33
Q

Orthostatic hypotension

A

drop in systolic >20, diastolic >10

34
Q

Pediatric BP

A

<2yo: 106-110/59-63; 3-5yo: 113-116/67-74

35
Q

Respiratory rate: adult, ped, infant

A

12-20; ped = 20-30; infant = 30-40

in general; ped BP and RR is 10 more than adult

36
Q

Stages of hypertension

A

normal 120/80; pre: 120-139/80-89; stage 1: 140-159/90-99; stage 2: >160/>100; crisis: >180/>110; increases by 20’s for systolic & 10’s for diastolic

37
Q

Anginal scale

A

1+ to 4+; 1+ = light, 2+ = moderate/bothersome; 3+; severe/uncomfortable; 4+ = most severe pain ever

38
Q

Dyspnea Borg scale (NOT Borg RPE)

A

0-10; 3= moderate, severe starting at 5-6

39
Q

Scale for Edema

A

1+ to 4+; 1+ = 30sec or more

40
Q

Ankle Brachial Index Values

A

1.0-1.3 = normal; 0.80.99 = mild blockage; 0.4-0.79 = moderate blockage; <0.4 = severe PAD may have claudication ; >1.3 = non compliant arteries

41
Q

Hemoglobin numbers (M/F)

A

M=13-18; F = 12-16

42
Q

Hematocrit

A

M=45-52%; F = 37-48%

43
Q

ACE inhibitors

A

decrease Na rentetion and peripheral vasoconstriction to decrease BP; captopril, enalopril, lisinopril

44
Q

calcium channel blocking agents

A

inhibit flow of calcium ions, decrease HR, decrease contractility, dilate coronary arteries and reduce BP, control arthymmias

45
Q

compression depth CPR adults, peds, infants

A

adults = >2in; peds = 1/3AP depth ~2in/5cm; infants = at least 1/3 AP depth, ~1.5in/4cm

46
Q

compression: ventilation ratio for CPR

A

30:2, ventilate until visible chest rise

47
Q

Phase of Korotkoff sounds correspond to what?

A

Phase I = SBP (clear tapping); Phase V = diastolic (sound disappears)

48
Q

crackles are heard with which type of lung disease?

A

restrictive - atelectasis, pneumonia, brochietasis

Neuro (17 decks)

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