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Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

What protrudes during Spina Bifida Meningomyelocele?

A

menignes and spinal cord

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2
Q

What is the most common cause of Hydrocephalus in infants?

A

Cerebral Aqueduct Stenosis

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3
Q

What structure connects the lateral ventricles to the 3rd ventricle?

A

Foramen of Monro

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4
Q

What structure connects the 3rd ventricle to the 4th ventricle?

A

cerebral aqueduct of sylvius

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5
Q

Which two structures connect the 4th ventricle to the subarachnoid space?

A

Magenda

Luschka

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6
Q

What structure doesnt develop during a Dandy-Walker Formation?

A

cerebellar vermis

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7
Q

How does a Dandy-Walker malformation present? (two)

A

massively dilated 4th ventricle

absence of cerebellum

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8
Q

What is abnormal during an Arnold-Chiari Malformation Type Two?

A

congenital downward displacement of cerebellar tonsils through foramen magnum

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9
Q

What does an Arnold-Chiari Malformation Type Two often result in?

A

Hydrocephalus

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10
Q

What two anatomical abnormalities is an Arnold-Chiari Malformation Type Two associated with?

A

meningomyelocelle

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11
Q

What condition does Arnold-Chiari Type 1 arise with?

A

Syringomyelia

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12
Q

What vertebral levels does Syringomyelia often occur at?

A

C8-T1

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13
Q

What two senses are lost during Syringomyelia? What is spared?

A

pain and temperature

fine touch

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14
Q

Why can Syringomyelia cause muscle weakness?

A

syrinx expansion can disrupt anterior horn neurons

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15
Q

Syringomyelia can disrupt what tract that leads to Horner Syndrome? What is disrupted? Where?

A

Hypothalamospinal

disrupted lateral horn

T1

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16
Q

Which cells in the spinal cord are destroyed by polio?

A

Anterior horn cells

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17
Q

Are destruction of anterior horn cells LMN or UMN?

A

LMNs

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18
Q

What is Werdnig-Hoffman Disease?

A

inherited degeneration of anterior horn cells

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19
Q

Which tract is disrupted during ALS?

A

corticospinal

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20
Q

Destruction of what tract during ALS can lead to UMN signs?

A

lateral corticospinal

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21
Q

A defect in what enzyme can be associated with ALS?

A

zinc/copper superoxide dismutase

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22
Q

Does syringomyelia damage LMNs or UMNs?

A

LMNs

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23
Q

Where does Friedrichs Ataxia have muscle weakness?

A

lower extremities

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24
Q

What gene is involved in Friedrichs Ataxia?

A

Frataxin

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25
Q

What is the function of Frataxin?

A

handles mitochondrial iron regulation

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26
Q

What is the main cause of death in Friedrich Ataxia?

A

HCOM

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27
Q

What is the trinucleotide repeat of Friedrich Ataxia?

A

GAA

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28
Q

What compose the leptomeninges?

A

pia and arachnoid

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29
Q

What bug can cause meningitis in non-immunized infants?

A

H. influenzae

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30
Q

What immune cells are found and what is the glucose level during viral meningitis?

A

Lymphocytes

normal glucose

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31
Q

What immune cells are found and what is the glucose level during fungal meningitis?

A

Lymphocytes

decrease glucose

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32
Q

What causes death during bacterial meningitis? Why?

A

herniation

edema

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33
Q

What are the sequelae of bacterial meningitis based on?

A

fibrosis

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34
Q

How long does it take for neurons to begin to die due to ischemia?

A

3- 5 minutes

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35
Q

What tumor can cause cerebral ischemia?

A

insulinoma

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36
Q

Which three cells of the brain are most susceptible to ischemia?

A

cerebral pyramidal neurons

Purkinje neurons of cerebellum

pyramidal neurons of hippocampus

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37
Q

What causes a pale infarct? Where?

A

thrombotic stroke

periphery of cortex

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38
Q

What vessels do most emboli from the left heart travel in on their way to the brain?

A

middle cerebral

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39
Q

What part of the brain does an embolic stroke usually effect? What color of infarct?

A

periphery of cortex

hemorrhagic

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40
Q

What vessels are most commonly effected during a Lacunar Stroke? What is the disease process? Complication of?

A

lenticulostriate

hyaline arteriolosclerosis

HTN

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41
Q

Involvement of what structure leads to a pure motor stroke ?

A

internal capsule

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42
Q

Involvement of what structure leads to a pure motor sensory?

A

thalamus

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43
Q

What type of cell proliferates during Gliosis?

A

astrocytes

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44
Q

What is the histological sign of infarction at the cellular level in the brain? How long after infarction?

A

red /eosinophilic neurons

12 hours

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45
Q

What vessels burst during an Intracerebral Hemorrhage? What type of aneurysm? Cause?

A

Lenticulostriate

Charcot-Bouchard

HTN

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46
Q

What is the most commonly affected brain structure during an intracerebral hemorrhage?

A

basal ganglia

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47
Q

Which type of hemorrhage is WHOL?

A

subarachnoid

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48
Q

Which type of hemorrhage produces xanthochromia? Why?

A

subarachnoid

bilirubin

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49
Q

What is the most common cause of an Intracerebral Hemorrhage? Where?

A

berry aneurysm

anterior communicating artery branch points

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50
Q

Other than berry aneurysm, what are the two other causes of an intracerebral hemorrhage?

A

AV malformation

anti-coagulated state

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51
Q

What two conditions can give rise to berry aneurysms?

A

Marfans and ADPKD

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52
Q

What vessel causes an epidural hematoma?

A

middle meningeal

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53
Q

What vessel causes an subdural hematoma?

A

bridging veins

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54
Q

Which type of cerebral hemorrhage is usually caused by a trauma?

A

subdural

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55
Q

Which type of cerebral hemorrhage is most often present in the elderly? Why?

A

subdural

cerebral atrophy

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56
Q

What is a subfalcine herniation?

A

cingulate gyrus under falx cerebri

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57
Q

Which vessel is compressed during a subfalcine herniation?

A

anterior cerebral

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58
Q

What in an Uncal Herniation?

A

herniation of uncus of temporal lobe under tentorium cerebelli

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59
Q

What does compression of posterior cerebral artery cause?

A

contralateral homonymous hemianopsia

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60
Q

What three structures get compressed with an Uncal Herniation?

A

cranial nerve three

posterior cerebral artery

Paramedian artery

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61
Q

What cell is preferentially affected by Metachromatic Leukodystrophy? What happens?

A

oligodendrocytes

myelin builds up b/c it cant be broken down

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62
Q

What enzyme is deficient during Krabbe Disease? Which cell type is affected?

A

Galactocerebrosidase

macrophages

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63
Q

What is impaired during Adrenoleukodystrophy? Two affected areas?

A

impaired addition of CoA to long chain fatty acids

adrenal gland and white matter

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64
Q

What is the haplotype of Multiple Sclerosis?

A

HLA-DR2

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65
Q

What cell accumulates in the CSF during Multiple Sclerosis?

A

Lymphocytes

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66
Q

What protein accumulates in the CSF during Multiple Sclerosis?

A

Myelin Basic Protein

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67
Q

What are the two treatments for MS?

A

high dose steroids

IFN-beta

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68
Q

What virus causes Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis?

A

Measles

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69
Q

What is seen on histology during Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis?

A

inclusions in neurons and oligodendrocytes

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70
Q

What two populations are at an increased risk of Central Pontine Myelinosis?

A

alcoholics

liver disease

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71
Q

When gene is implicated in Alzheimers?

A

ApoE

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72
Q

Which allele of ApoE is associated with higher risk? Lower risk?

A

epsilon-4 = higher

epsilon-2 = lower

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73
Q

Why can Down Syndrome present with early onset Alzheimers?

A

amyloid-precursor-protein on chromosome 21

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74
Q

Familial Early-Onset Alzheimers are associated with what gene? Which form?

A

Presenelin

one

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75
Q

What form of amyloid deposits in Alzheimers?

A

Amyloid-Beta

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76
Q

Why can Alzheimers increase the risk of stroke?

A

Amyloid-beta can deposit around and weaken vessels

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77
Q

Where does tau accumulate? What form?

A

intracellular

hyperphosphorylated

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78
Q

What type of protein is tau?

A

microtubule associated

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79
Q

What specific part of the brain are cholinergic neurons lost during Alzheimers?

A

nucleus basilis of meynert

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80
Q

What two lobes are primarily effected during Pick Disease?

A

frontal and temporal

81
Q

What is Pick Disease characterized by histologically?

A

round aggregates of tau

82
Q

What layer of the brain does Pick Disease effect?

A

cortex

83
Q

What do the effects in the frontal Lobe manifest as regarding Picks Disease?

A

behavioral issues

84
Q

What do the effects in the temporal Lobe manifest as regarding Picks Disease?

A

language issues

85
Q

What protein accumulates in the neurons during Parkinsons Disease? Called?

A

α-Synuclein

Lewy Bodies

86
Q

What is Lewy Body Dementia? Where do these Lewy Bodies accumulate?

A

early onset dementia

CORTEX

87
Q

What are the three main symptoms of Lewy Body Dementia?

A

Dementia

hallucinations

parkinsonian features

88
Q

Where are the Lewy Bodies found during Lewy body dementia?

A

cortex

89
Q

What is the trinucleotide repeat for Huntingtons?

A

CAG

90
Q

Further expansion of trinucleotide repeats occurs where during Huntingtons?

A

spermatogenesis

91
Q

What improves a normal pressure hydrocephalus?

A

lumbar puncture

92
Q

What is the treatment for a normal pressure hydrocephalus?

A

ventriculo-peritoneal shunt

93
Q

What is the NORMAL secondary structure of prions?

A

α-helical

94
Q

What is the mutated secondary structure of prions?

A

β-pleated

95
Q

What is the key histological feature of Spongiform Encephalopathy?

A

intracellular vacuoles

96
Q

What are the two characteristics seen on physical exam during Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease? How quickly does this develop?

A

dementia and ataxia

rapidly

97
Q

What is seen on the EEG during Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease?

A

sharp/spike waves

98
Q

How long does it take for Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease to become fatal?

A

less than one year

99
Q

Where do most Metastatic Tumors appear in the brain?

A

Grey-White junction

100
Q

Where are adults primary brain tumors usually located?

A

supra-tentorial

101
Q

Where are childrens primary brain tumors usually located?

A

infra-tentorial

102
Q

What are the three most common brain tumors in adults?

A

glioblastoma multiforme

meningioma

schwannoma

103
Q

What are the three most common brain tumors in children?

A

medullablastoma

pilocytic astrocytoma

ependyoma

104
Q

What cells is malignant during Glioblastoma Multiforme?

A

astrocytes

105
Q

Where in the brain does Glioblastoma Multiforme usually arise?

A

cerebral hemisphere

106
Q

Which brain tumor can cross the corpus callosum?

A

Glioblastoma Multiforme

107
Q

What are two key histology buzz phrases for Glioblastoma Multiforme?

A

Necrotic

Pseudo-palisading

108
Q

What specific cells proliferate during glioblastoma multiforme?

A

endothelial

109
Q

What is the IHC stain for Glioblastoma Multiforme?

A

GFAP

110
Q

Which two brain tumors shows Psamomma Bodies?

A

ependyoma and meningioma

111
Q

Where in the brain does a Schwanoma most commonly occur?

A

cerebello-pontine angle

112
Q

Which brain tumors are S100 positive?

A

Schwannoma

113
Q

In what lobe does an oligodendroglioma usually arise?

A

frontal

114
Q

Which tumor ‘calcifies in the white matter’?

A

Oligodendroglioma

115
Q

What CNS tumor has a fried egg appearance on histology?

A

Oligodendroglioma

116
Q

Is a Pilocytic Astrocytoma benign or malignant?

A

Benign

117
Q

Where does a Pilocytic Astrocytoma arise?

A

cerebellum

118
Q

How does Pilocytic Astrocytoma appear on imaging?

A

cystic lesion with a mural nodule

119
Q

Rosenthal fibers are associated with what CNS tumor? Stain?

A

Pilocytic astrocytoma

eosinophilic

120
Q

What are Rosenthal Fibers?

A

eosinophilic processes of astrocytes

121
Q

What is the stain for Pilocytic Astrocytoma?

A

GFAP

122
Q

What cells is a medulloblastoma derived from? What part of the brain?

A

granular

cerebellum

123
Q

What embryonic layer is a medullablastoma derived from?

A

Neuroectoderm

124
Q

Where can a Medulloblastoma metastisize? Called?

A

Cauda Equina

Drop Metastasis

125
Q

What layer of tissue gives rise to a craniopharyngioma?

A

Epithelial

126
Q

What can be seen on biopsy during Craniopharyngioma? Resembling?

A

calcifications

tooth-like appendages

127
Q

When does a woman need folate to prevent neural tube defects?

A

prior to conception

128
Q

Where two locations is high α-FP found?

A

maternal blood

amniotic fluid

129
Q

What is the mode of inheritance for Friedrich Ataxia?

A

Autosomal Recessive

130
Q

How does N. meningitis get into the blood?

A

through the nasopharynx

131
Q

What virus is the most common viral cause of meningitis?

A

Coxsackie

132
Q

Is photophobia more common with viral or bacterial meningitis?

A

viral

133
Q

How long does a Transient Ischemic Attack last?

A

less than 24 hours

134
Q

How long does a stroke last?

A

greater than 24 hours

135
Q

What structure is the end result of an ischemic stroke?

A

fluid-filled cyst surrounded by gliosis

136
Q

Why are Berry Aneuryms weak?

A

lack tunica media

137
Q

A period of lucidity can be present in what type of hematoma?

A

Epidural

138
Q

What causes death in an Epidural hematoma?

A

herniation

139
Q

Which bone is classically fractured during an Epidural Hematoma?

A

temporal

140
Q

Between what two structures do the bridging veins lie?

A

dura and arachnoid

141
Q

Atrophy of the brain could cause what type of hematoma?

A

Subdural

142
Q

What cant get degraded during Metachromatic Leukodystrophy?

A

myelin

143
Q

What two things get destroyed during Multiple Sclerosis?

A

myelin and Oligodendrocytes

144
Q

What does the ‘Pan’ of Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis mean?

A

effects gray and white matter of brain

145
Q

What specific cell is affected during PML?

A

Oligodendrocytes

146
Q

What is a common cause of death in Alzheimers?

A

infection

147
Q

What protein is derived from APP?

A

Aβ Amyloid

148
Q

What happens to the ventricles during Alzheimers? Why?

A

dilation of ventricles

atrophy of brain

149
Q

Is Aβ Amyloid extracellular or intracellular?

A

always extracellular

150
Q

What is the function of Tau?

A

microtubule associating protein

151
Q

Is Tau intracellular or extracellular?

A

intra

152
Q

What causes Tau to no longer be able to assemble microtubules?

A

Hyper-phosphorylation

153
Q

What specific part of the Basal Ganglia looses dopaminergic neurons in Alzheimers?

A

substantia nigra pars compacta

154
Q

What specific part of the basal ganglia is affected during Huntingtons?

A

caudate

155
Q

What becomes larger during Huntingtons?

A

lateral ventricles

156
Q

What gets stretched during a Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus?

A

Corona Radiata

157
Q

What causes a Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus?

A

decreased absorption of CSF in ARACHNOID granulations

158
Q

What are the three most common sources of mets to brain?

A

lung

breast

kidney

159
Q

What type of filament is a Glioblastoma Multiforme derived from?

A

intermediate filament

160
Q

What type of cell is neoplastic in a meningioma?

A

Arachnoid

161
Q

What brain tumor can present with a whorled pattern?

A

Meningioma

162
Q

Homer-Wright Rosettes are present in what brain tumor?

A

Medulloblastoma

163
Q

Which ventricle do Ependyomas most often arise?

A

4th ventricle

164
Q

Which brain tumor can present with a Perivascular Rosette? What do these structures surround?

A

Ependyoma

blood vessels

165
Q

What is the only brain tumor in kids that may present as supratentorial?

A

Craniopharyngioma

166
Q

What does the wall of the neural tube form?

A

CNS

167
Q

What does the hollow lumen of the neural tubes form?

A

ventricles

168
Q

What part of the body experiences weakness early on during ALS?

A

hands

169
Q

What two parts of the CNS are defective during Friedrich Ataxia?

A

cerebellum

spinal cord

170
Q

What causes a thrombotic stroke?

A

rupture of atherosclerotic plaque

171
Q

What color of infarct is a thrombotic stroke?

A

pale

172
Q

Which hematoma is crescent shaped?

A

Subdural

173
Q

By what mechanism could a tonsillar herniation result in death?

A

cardiopulmonary arrest

174
Q

What two parts of the brainstem are affected during a Duret Hemorrhage?

A

Midbrain and upper pons

175
Q

What produces β-Amyloid from APP?

A

β-cleavage

176
Q

Which arch doesnt close during Spina Bifida?

A

posterior vertebral arch

177
Q

Does Dandy-Walker present with hydrocephalus?

A

yes

178
Q

What is the mode of inheritance of Friedrich Ataxia?

A

autosomal recessive

179
Q

What heart condition does Friedrich Ataxia lead to?

A

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

180
Q

From outer to inner, what are the three levels of the meninges?

A

dura

arachnoid

pia

181
Q

What causes Charcot-Bouchard aneurysms?

A

hyaline arteriosclerosis

182
Q

Viral inclusions within the gray and white matter are indicative of what disease?

A

SSPE

183
Q

What is the most common cause of death in Alzheimers?

A

infection

184
Q

Are amyloid plaques intra or extracellular?

A

extra

185
Q

Which brain tumor displays a ‘whorled’ pattern?

A

meningioma

186
Q

What forms if there is a neural tube defect at the cranial end of the neural tube?

A

anencephaly

187
Q

What is the mode of inheritance of Werdnig Hoffman Disease?

A

autosomal recessive

188
Q

Does an embolic stroke cause an ischemic infarct or hemorrhagic infarct?

A

hemorrhagic

189
Q

What is the mode of inheritance of adrenoleukodystrophy?

A

X-linked

190
Q

What does scaning speech resemble?

A

drunk speech

191
Q

Which protein composes neuritic plaques?

A

beta-amyloid

192
Q

Are neuritic plaques intra or extracellular?

A

extra

193
Q

Which protein composes neurofibrillary tangles?

A

hyperphosphorylated tau

194
Q

Are neurofibrillary tangles intra or extracellular?

A

intra

195
Q

Startle Myoclonus is indicative of what brain disease?

A

CJD

196
Q

Do brain tumors metastisize?

A

no

197
Q

What does pseudopalasading mean in regards to GBM?

A

healthy cells surround necrotic area

198
Q

Which brain tumor expresses estrogen receptor?

A

Meningioma

Pathoma (19 decks)

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