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Pathoma > Neoplasia > Flashcards

Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

Is neoplastic growth monoclonal or polyclonal?

A

monoclonal

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2
Q

What enzyme was classically used to determine monoclonality?

A

G6PDase

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3
Q

What is the normal ratio of G6PDase?

A

1:1

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4
Q

What receptor, other than G6PDase, can clonality be determined from?

A

androgen receptor

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5
Q

Is the light or heavy chain composed of kappa and lambda?

A

light

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6
Q

What is the normal kappa:lambda light chain ratio?

A

3:1

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7
Q

What is a benign tumor of epithelial origin called?

A

adenoma

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8
Q

What is a malignant tumor of epithelial origin called?

A

adenocarcinoma

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9
Q

What type of cancer do aflatoxins cause? Where are these found?

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma

Aspergillus

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10
Q

What two types of cancer can be caused by alkylating agents?

A

leukemia and lymphoma

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11
Q

What two types of cancer are caused by alcohol?

A

squamous cell of upper esophagus

hepatocellular carcinoma

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12
Q

What three cancers are caused by arsenic?

A

squamous cell of skin

lung

angiosarcoma of liver

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13
Q

What two types of cancer are caused by asbestos? Which is more prevalent?

A

mesothelioma and lung carcinoma

lung carcinoma

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14
Q

What six types of cancers are caused by cigarettes?

A

oropharnyx

esophagus

lung

bladder

kidney

pancreas

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15
Q

What specific component of cigarette smoke is carcinogenic?

A

polycyclic hydrocarbons

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16
Q

Where do nitrosamines cause cancer? Where are nitrosamines found?

A

stomach carcinoma

smoked food

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17
Q

What specific type of cancer can naphthylamine cause? Where are these founds?

A

urothelial cancer of bladder

cigarettes

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18
Q

What type of cancer does vinyl chloride cause?

A

angiosarcoma of liver

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19
Q

What four types of metal can cause lung carcinoma?

A

nickel, beryllium, chromium and silcia

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20
Q

What three types of cancer are caused by EBV?

A

nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Burkitts

CNS lymphoma in AIDS patients

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21
Q

What virus causes Kaposi’s Sarcoma? What type of cell gives rise to Kaposi’s?

A

HHV8

endothelial

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22
Q

What type of cancer is caused by HBV and HCV?

A

hepatocellular carcinoma

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23
Q

Which virus causes adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma?

A

HTLV1

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24
Q

What are the high-risk isoforms of HPV?

A

16, 18, 31, 33

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25
Q

What four locations can HPV cause squamous cell carcinoma?

A

vulva, vagina, anus, cervix

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26
Q

HPV causes what two types of cancer in the cervix?

A

adenocarcinoma or squamous cell

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27
Q

Which types of leukemia does ionizing radiation cause?

A

AML and CML

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28
Q

Which endocrine tumor can ionizing radiation cause?

A

papillary carcinoma of thyroid

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29
Q

What three types of carcinoma can be causes by UVB radiation?

A

BCC, SCC, melanoma

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30
Q

What is the most common Ras mutation?

A

inability to degrade GTP

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31
Q

What cancer can PDGF-B give rise to?

A

astrocytoma

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32
Q

What type of cancer is ERBB2/HER/NEU implicated in? What mutation takes place?

A

breast carcinoma

amplification

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33
Q

What type of cancer is KIT involved in? What type of mutation?

A

GI stromal

point mutation

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34
Q

What three types of cancer is RET involved in? What type of mutation?

A

MEN2A, MEN2B and medullary carcinoma of thyroid

point mutation

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35
Q

What three cancers is RAS involved in? What type of mutation?

A

carcinoma, melanoma, lymphoma

point

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36
Q

What specific growth factor is involved in Burkitt’s lymphoma?

A

c-Myc

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37
Q

What type of cancer is N-Myc indicative of? What is the mutation?

A

Neuroblastoma

amplification

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38
Q

What type of cancer is L-Myc involved in? What is the mutation?

A

Small cell Lung carcinoma

amplification

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39
Q

What cancer is cyclin D1 involved in? Which translocation?

A

Mantle Cell Lymphoma

t(11:14)

40
Q

Which cancer is CDK4 involved in?

A

melanoma

41
Q

Which cell cycle regulation point does p53 affect?

A

G1/S

42
Q

What is the function of cytochrome C leaking from the mitochondria?

A

promotes apoptosis

43
Q

What protein inhibits the release of cytochrome C from the mitochondria?

A

bcl-2

44
Q

What protein destroys bcl-2?

A

BAX

45
Q

What protein upregulates BAX?

A

p53

46
Q

Which cyclin/CDK phosphorylates Rb?

A

CyclinD/CDK4

47
Q

Which txn factor does Rb dissociate from when phosphorylated? Which cell-cycle check point does this drive?

A

E2F

G1/S

48
Q

In what cancer is BCL2 over-expressed?

A

Follicular Lymphoma

49
Q

During what event will over-expression of bcl-2 prevent apoptosis of B-cells?

A

Somatic hypermutation

50
Q

What are the two pro-angiogenic growth factors?

A

FGF and VEGF

51
Q

Which attachment protein connects epithelial cells adjacent to each other?

A

E-cadherin

52
Q

Which attachment protein connects cells to the basement mebrane? What enzyme destroys this protein?

A

laminin

collagenase

53
Q

What type of collagen is found in the basement membrane?

A

Type IV

54
Q

What protein do malignant cells attach to in the ECM to spread locally?

A

fibronectin

55
Q

Do carcinomas or sarcomas spread lymphatically?

A

carcinomas

56
Q

Do carcinomas or sarcomas spread hematogenously?

A

sarcoma

57
Q

What are the four exceptions of carinomas that can spread hematogenously?

A

renal cell carcinoma

hepatocellular carcinoma

choriocarcinoma

follicular carcinoma of thyroid

58
Q

Which type of carcinoma can ‘seed’ the peritoneum?

A

ovarian carcinoma

59
Q

Keratin is an IHC stain for a cancer originating from what type of tissue?

A

epithelial

60
Q

Vimentin is an IHC stain for a cancer originating from what type of tissue?

A

mesenchymal

61
Q

Desmin is an IHC stain for a cancer originating from what type of tissue?

A

muscle

62
Q

GFAP is an IHC stain for a cancer originating from what type of tissue?

A

neuroglia

63
Q

Neurofilament is an IHC stain for a cancer originating from what type of tissue?

A

neurons

64
Q

Chromogranin is an IHC stain for a cancer originating from what type of tissue? What two specific types of tumors?

A

neuroendocrine

small cell lung cancer and carcinoid tumors

65
Q

S100 is an IHC stain for a cancer originating from what three types of tissue?

A

melanoma, Schwannoma and Langerhans cell histiocytosis

66
Q

Thyroglobulin is an IHC stain for a cancer originating from what specific type of tissue?

A

follicular thyroid cells

67
Q

How many times does a cancer cell need to divide before clinical manifestations can be ascertained?

A

30

68
Q

What carcinogen can be found in grains?

A

aflatoxins

69
Q

What are the most important carcinogenic substances in cigarette smoke?

A

polycyclic hydrocarbons

70
Q

Are nitrosamines related to the intestinal or diffuse type of gastric carcinoma?

A

intestinal

71
Q

In what country is the most stomach cancer found?

A

Japan

72
Q

What two types of individuals, in rank order, develop nasopharyngeal carcinoma? What virus is known to cause nasopharyngeal carcinoma?

A
  1. chinese male
  2. african american

EBV

73
Q

Where does nasopharyngeal carcinoma often arise as a mass?

A

neck mass

74
Q

What are the three types of patients that get Kaposi’s Sarcoma?

A
  1. eastern mediterranean males
  2. AIDS patient
  3. transplant patients
75
Q

What two viruses can cause hepatocellular carcinoma?

A

HBC and HCV

76
Q

Is HBV a DNA or RNA virus?

A

DNA

77
Q

Is HCV a DNA or RNA virus?

A

RNA

78
Q

What compound does ionizing radiation produce?

A

hydroxyl free radicals

79
Q

LiFraumeni Syndrome is characterized by what inherited defect?

A

congential mutated p53

80
Q

What protein is constitutively active if Rb is mutated? What will be the result of this?

A

E2F

constant progression through G1/S

81
Q

Germline mutations in Rb can result in what two types of cancer?

A

retinoblastoma

osteosarcoma

82
Q

A follicular lymphoma prevents B-cells from doing what? What is the end result?

A

somatic hypermutation

inhibition of apoptosis

83
Q

Tumor cells can avoid immune surveillance by down-regulating what protein?

A

MHC I

84
Q

What are the two angiogenic growth factors?

A

VEGF and FGF

85
Q

What cell type are choriocarcinomas a malignancy of?

A

trophoblasts

86
Q

What specific cells of the thyroid would be positive for IHC stain?

A

follicular thyroid cells

87
Q

What is the most important prognostic factor for a tumor? What does this factor measure?

A

Stage

assessment of size and spread of tumor

88
Q

What is used for staging?

A

TNM scale

89
Q

What is the most important prognostic factor in the TNM scale?

A

metastasis

90
Q

Regarding apoptosis, what protein stabilizes the mitochondrial membrane?

A

bcl-2

91
Q

Which two specific chains are maintained in a 3:1 ratio in Bcells?

A

kappa to lambda light chain

92
Q

What two places in the body can arsenic be found?

A

skin

finger nails

93
Q

Which type of stomach cancer are nitrosamines associated with?

A

intestinal

94
Q

What other neoplasm may present with a philadelphia chromosome?

A

Adult ALL

95
Q

Where is the mantle zone in a lymph node?

A

next to follicle

96
Q

Which chromosome is bcl-2 located on?

A

18

Pathoma (19 decks)

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