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Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

Is neoplastic growth monoclonal or polyclonal?

A

monoclonal

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2
Q

What enzyme was classically used to determine monoclonality?

A

G6PDase

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3
Q

What is the normal ratio of G6PDase?

A

1:1

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4
Q

What receptor, other than G6PDase, can clonality be determined from?

A

androgen receptor

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5
Q

Is the light or heavy chain composed of kappa and lambda?

A

light

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6
Q

What is the normal kappa:lambda light chain ratio?

A

3:1

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7
Q

What is a benign tumor of epithelial origin called?

A

adenoma

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8
Q

What is a malignant tumor of epithelial origin called?

A

adenocarcinoma

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9
Q

What type of cancer do aflatoxins cause? Where are these found?

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma

Aspergillus

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10
Q

What two types of cancer can be caused by alkylating agents?

A

leukemia and lymphoma

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11
Q

What two types of cancer are caused by alcohol?

A

squamous cell of upper esophagus

hepatocellular carcinoma

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12
Q

What three cancers are caused by arsenic?

A

squamous cell of skin

lung

angiosarcoma of liver

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13
Q

What two types of cancer are caused by asbestos? Which is more prevalent?

A

mesothelioma and lung carcinoma

lung carcinoma

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14
Q

What six types of cancers are caused by cigarettes?

A

oropharnyx

esophagus

lung

bladder

kidney

pancreas

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15
Q

What specific component of cigarette smoke is carcinogenic?

A

polycyclic hydrocarbons

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16
Q

Where do nitrosamines cause cancer? Where are nitrosamines found?

A

stomach carcinoma

smoked food

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17
Q

What specific type of cancer can naphthylamine cause? Where are these founds?

A

urothelial cancer of bladder

cigarettes

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18
Q

What type of cancer does vinyl chloride cause?

A

angiosarcoma of liver

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19
Q

What four types of metal can cause lung carcinoma?

A

nickel, beryllium, chromium and silcia

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20
Q

What three types of cancer are caused by EBV?

A

nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Burkitts

CNS lymphoma in AIDS patients

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21
Q

What virus causes Kaposi’s Sarcoma? What type of cell gives rise to Kaposi’s?

A

HHV8

endothelial

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22
Q

What type of cancer is caused by HBV and HCV?

A

hepatocellular carcinoma

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23
Q

Which virus causes adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma?

A

HTLV1

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24
Q

What are the high-risk isoforms of HPV?

A

16, 18, 31, 33

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25
What four locations can HPV cause squamous cell carcinoma?
vulva, vagina, anus, cervix
26
HPV causes what two types of cancer in the cervix?
adenocarcinoma or squamous cell
27
Which types of leukemia does ionizing radiation cause?
AML and CML
28
Which endocrine tumor can ionizing radiation cause?
papillary carcinoma of thyroid
29
What three types of carcinoma can be causes by UVB radiation?
BCC, SCC, melanoma
30
What is the most common Ras mutation?
inability to degrade GTP
31
What cancer can PDGF-B give rise to?
astrocytoma
32
What type of cancer is ERBB2/HER/NEU implicated in? What mutation takes place?
breast carcinoma amplification
33
What type of cancer is KIT involved in? What type of mutation?
GI stromal point mutation
34
What three types of cancer is RET involved in? What type of mutation?
MEN2A, MEN2B and medullary carcinoma of thyroid point mutation
35
What three cancers is RAS involved in? What type of mutation?
carcinoma, melanoma, lymphoma point
36
What specific growth factor is involved in Burkitt's lymphoma?
c-Myc
37
What type of cancer is N-Myc indicative of? What is the mutation?
Neuroblastoma amplification
38
What type of cancer is L-Myc involved in? What is the mutation?
Small cell Lung carcinoma amplification
39
What cancer is cyclin D1 involved in? Which translocation?
Mantle Cell Lymphoma t(11:14)
40
Which cancer is CDK4 involved in?
melanoma
41
Which cell cycle regulation point does p53 affect?
G1/S
42
What is the function of cytochrome C leaking from the mitochondria?
promotes apoptosis
43
What protein inhibits the release of cytochrome C from the mitochondria?
bcl-2
44
What protein destroys bcl-2?
BAX
45
What protein upregulates BAX?
p53
46
Which cyclin/CDK phosphorylates Rb?
CyclinD/CDK4
47
Which txn factor does Rb dissociate from when phosphorylated? Which cell-cycle check point does this drive?
E2F G1/S
48
In what cancer is BCL2 over-expressed?
Follicular Lymphoma
49
During what event will over-expression of bcl-2 prevent apoptosis of B-cells?
Somatic hypermutation
50
What are the two pro-angiogenic growth factors?
FGF and VEGF
51
Which attachment protein connects epithelial cells adjacent to each other?
E-cadherin
52
Which attachment protein connects cells to the basement mebrane? What enzyme destroys this protein?
laminin collagenase
53
What type of collagen is found in the basement membrane?
Type IV
54
What protein do malignant cells attach to in the ECM to spread locally?
fibronectin
55
Do carcinomas or sarcomas spread lymphatically?
carcinomas
56
Do carcinomas or sarcomas spread hematogenously?
sarcoma
57
What are the four exceptions of carinomas that can spread hematogenously?
renal cell carcinoma hepatocellular carcinoma choriocarcinoma follicular carcinoma of thyroid
58
Which type of carcinoma can 'seed' the peritoneum?
ovarian carcinoma
59
Keratin is an IHC stain for a cancer originating from what type of tissue?
epithelial
60
Vimentin is an IHC stain for a cancer originating from what type of tissue?
mesenchymal
61
Desmin is an IHC stain for a cancer originating from what type of tissue?
muscle
62
GFAP is an IHC stain for a cancer originating from what type of tissue?
neuroglia
63
Neurofilament is an IHC stain for a cancer originating from what type of tissue?
neurons
64
Chromogranin is an IHC stain for a cancer originating from what type of tissue? What two specific types of tumors?
neuroendocrine small cell lung cancer and carcinoid tumors
65
S100 is an IHC stain for a cancer originating from what three types of tissue?
melanoma, Schwannoma and Langerhans cell histiocytosis
66
Thyroglobulin is an IHC stain for a cancer originating from what specific type of tissue?
follicular thyroid cells
67
How many times does a cancer cell need to divide before clinical manifestations can be ascertained?
30
68
What carcinogen can be found in grains?
aflatoxins
69
What are the most important carcinogenic substances in cigarette smoke?
polycyclic hydrocarbons
70
Are nitrosamines related to the intestinal or diffuse type of gastric carcinoma?
intestinal
71
In what country is the most stomach cancer found?
Japan
72
What two types of individuals, in rank order, develop nasopharyngeal carcinoma? What virus is known to cause nasopharyngeal carcinoma?
1. chinese male 2. african american EBV
73
Where does nasopharyngeal carcinoma often arise as a mass?
neck mass
74
What are the three types of patients that get Kaposi's Sarcoma?
1. eastern mediterranean males 2. AIDS patient 3. transplant patients
75
What two viruses can cause hepatocellular carcinoma?
HBC and HCV
76
Is HBV a DNA or RNA virus?
DNA
77
Is HCV a DNA or RNA virus?
RNA
78
What compound does ionizing radiation produce?
hydroxyl free radicals
79
LiFraumeni Syndrome is characterized by what inherited defect?
congential mutated p53
80
What protein is constitutively active if Rb is mutated? What will be the result of this?
E2F constant progression through G1/S
81
Germline mutations in Rb can result in what two types of cancer?
retinoblastoma osteosarcoma
82
A follicular lymphoma prevents B-cells from doing what? What is the end result?
somatic hypermutation inhibition of apoptosis
83
Tumor cells can avoid immune surveillance by down-regulating what protein?
MHC I
84
What are the two angiogenic growth factors?
VEGF and FGF
85
What cell type are choriocarcinomas a malignancy of?
trophoblasts
86
What specific cells of the thyroid would be positive for IHC stain?
follicular thyroid cells
87
What is the most important prognostic factor for a tumor? What does this factor measure?
Stage assessment of size and spread of tumor
88
What is used for staging?
TNM scale
89
What is the most important prognostic factor in the TNM scale?
metastasis
90
Regarding apoptosis, what protein stabilizes the mitochondrial membrane?
bcl-2
91
Which two specific chains are maintained in a 3:1 ratio in Bcells?
kappa to lambda light chain
92
What two places in the body can arsenic be found?
skin finger nails
93
Which type of stomach cancer are nitrosamines associated with?
intestinal
94
What other neoplasm may present with a philadelphia chromosome?
Adult ALL
95
Where is the mantle zone in a lymph node?
next to follicle
96
Which chromosome is bcl-2 located on?
18

Pathoma (19 decks)

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