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Pathoma > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

What hormone is secreted during the most common pituitary tumor?

A

Prolactin

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2
Q

In what two ways does a prolactinoma present in females?

A

galacotrrhea and amenorrhea

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3
Q

In what two ways does a prolactinoma present in males?

A

decreased libido and headache

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4
Q

What type of drug is used to eliminate the side effects of a prolactinoma? Which two specifically?

A

dopamine agonists

bromocriptine or cabergoline

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5
Q

Why can acromegaly cause diabetes?

A

GH increases gluconeogenesis

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6
Q

An increase in what two hormones are used to diagnose acromegaly?

A

GH and IGF1

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7
Q

What does oral glucose do to GH levels?

A

suppress

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8
Q

What drug is used to treat acromegaly?

A

Octreotide

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9
Q

What is a craniopharyngioma?

A

pituitary tumor derived from embryonic tissue

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10
Q

What is Sheehan Syndrome?

A

pregnancy related infarction of the pituitary gland

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11
Q

How does Sheehan Syndrome often present?

A

Loss of pubic hair

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12
Q

What twp things herniate during Empty Sella Syndrome?

A

arachnoid and CSF

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13
Q

What two drugs are known to cause nephrogenic diabetes insipidus?

A

lithium and demeclocycline

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14
Q

What drug is used to treat SIADH?

A

demeclocycline

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15
Q

Where is a thyroglossal duct cyst located?

A

base of tongue

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16
Q

Via which protein does hyperthyroidism increase basal metabolic rate?

A

Na+/K+ ATPase

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17
Q

Which adrenergic receptor can hyperthyroidism upregulate in order to increase sympathetic nervous system activity?

A

beta-1

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18
Q

What arrhythmia does hyperthyroidism produce in the elderly?

A

Afib

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19
Q

Would hyperthyroidism increase or decrease the risk of osteoporosis?

A

increase

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20
Q

Would hyperthyroidism produce hypocholesterolemia or hypercholesterolism?

A

hypocholesterolemia

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21
Q

Would hyperthyroidism produce hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia? Why?

A

hyperglycemia

thyroid hormone causes GNG and glycogenolysis

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22
Q

Which immunoglobulin produces the effects seen in Graves?

A

IgG

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23
Q

Which receptor do fibroblasts behind the eye express?

A

TSH receptor

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24
Q

What material is deposited behind the eye during Graves?

A

glycosaminoglycans

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25
Q

Name three physical manifestations of thyroid storm?

A

Arrhythmia

vomiting

hyperthermia

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26
Q

What haplotype is associated with Hashimoto Thyroiditis/

A

HLA-DR5

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27
Q

What two autoantibodies are present during Hashimotos?

A

anti-thyroglobulin

anti-thyroid peroxidase

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28
Q

What specific cells are found during Hashimoto Thyroiditis? Color?

A

Hurthle cells

Eosinophilic

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29
Q

What structure is formed during Hashimotos?

A

germinal cents

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30
Q

What color are Hurthle cells?

A

eosinophilic

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31
Q

What type of neoplasm is present during Hashimotos?

A

B-cell Marginal zone lymphoma

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32
Q

How would a B-cell lymphoma present during Hashimotos?

A

enlarging thyroid gland during course of disease

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33
Q

What type of inflammation is present during De Quervain Thyroiditis?

A

Granulomatis

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34
Q

What type of infection does De Quervain Thyroiditis follow?

A

viral

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35
Q

How does De Quervain Thyroiditis present?

A

transient hyperthyroidism

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36
Q

Does Riedel Fibrosing Thyroiditis present as hypo or hyper thyroidism?

A

Hypothyroidism

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37
Q

What disease can Riedel Fibrosing Thyroiditis mimmic?

A

anaplastic carcinoma

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38
Q

Are thyroid nodules more likely to be benign or malignant?

A

Benign

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39
Q

What specific technique is used to biopsy a thyroid nodule?

A

fine needle aspiration

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40
Q

A fibrous capsule surrounds what two thyroid neoplasms?

A

follicular adenoma

follicular carcinoma

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41
Q

What is the most common type of thyroid carcinoma?

A

Papillary carcinoma

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42
Q

Radiation in childhood is a risk factor for which thyroid neoplasm?

A

Papillary carcinoma

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43
Q

Histologically, how is follicular carcinoma differentiated from follicular adenoma?

A

follicular carcinoma penetrates through fibrous membrane

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44
Q

Which thyroid neoplasm spreads via the blood?

A

follicular

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45
Q

What cell overproliferates during medullary carcinoma? Hormone released?

A

PARAFOLLICULAR C-cells

calcitonin

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46
Q

What is the mechanism by which calcitonin lowers blood calcium?

A

increases renal secretion

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47
Q

What is the histological description of medullary carcinoma of thyroid?

A

malignant cells in amyloid stroma

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48
Q

What protein forms the amyloid during medullary carcinoma of thyroid?

A

calcitonin

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49
Q

What three cancers arise during MEN2A?

A

medillary carcinoma of thyroid

parathyroid adenoma

pheochromocytoma

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50
Q

What does detection of RET gene require?

A

prophylactic thyroidectomy

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51
Q

Is anaplastic carcinoma malignant or benign?

A

malignant

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52
Q

What population does anaplastic carcinoma most effect?

A

elderly

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53
Q

What do osteoclasts release?

A

calcium and phosphate

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54
Q

What does PTH promote in the kidney?

A

reabsorption of calcium and phosphate

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55
Q

What is the cause of Primary Hyperthyroidism?

A

excess release of PTH

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56
Q

What is Osteitis Fibrosa Cystica? Due to?

A

excessive reabsorption of bone leading to fibrosis and cystic spaces

excessive PTH

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57
Q

What marker would be seen in the urine during times of excessive PTH?

A

cAMP

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58
Q

What is the cause of Secondary Hyperparathyroidism?

A

renal failure leading to decreased phosphate excretion

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59
Q

What is the cause of Pseudohyperparathyroidism?

A

end organ resistance to PTH

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60
Q

What would two things be noticed on physical examination during pseudoparathyroidism? Inheritance?

A

short 4th and 5th digits and short stature

autosomal dominant

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61
Q

Which two haplotypes are associated with Type 1 DM?

A

DR3 and DR4

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62
Q

What cause Type 2 DM?

A

decreased insulin receptors

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63
Q

What three cell types does glucose freely enter without facilitated diffusion?

A

Schwann cells

retinal pericytes

lens

64
Q

What rxn is catalyzed by aldose reductase?

A

glucose into sorbitol

65
Q

Which four neoplasms are associated with MEN1?

A

pituitary adenoma

parathyroid

pancreatic

66
Q

Would hyperaldosteronisim present with hypertension or hypotension?

A

hyper

67
Q

Would hyperaldosteronisim present with hypokalemia or hyperkalemia?

A

hypokalemia

68
Q

What acid-base abnormality would Hyperaldosteronism present with?

A

metabolic alkalosis

69
Q

What is another name for an Adrenal Adenoma?

A

Conn syndrome

70
Q

Would Conn Syndrome result in increased or decreased levels of plasma renin?

A

decreased

71
Q

What two drugs are used to treat Conn Syndrome?

A

spironolactone or eplerenone

72
Q

What causes Secondary Hyperaldosteronsim?

A

anything that activates RAAS

73
Q

What would the levels of renin be in Secondary Aldosteronism?

A

High

74
Q

What renal syndrome mimmics Hyperaldosteronism? Class of drugs used to treat?

A

Liddle Syndrome

Potassium Sparing Diuretics

75
Q

In what three ways does Liddle Syndrome present?

A

HTN

hypokalemia

metabolic alkalosis

76
Q

What class of drugs is used to treat Liddle Syndrome?

A

potassium sparing diuretics

77
Q

What causes Liddle Syndrome?

A

decrease in degradation of sodium channels in collecting tubules

78
Q

Why does Cushing Syndrome produce muscle weakness?

A

excess cortisol breaks down muscle to produce amino acids

79
Q

Is insulin high or low during Cushings?

A

high

80
Q

What does high insulin in Cushings promote?

A

central adiposity

81
Q

Why does Cushings present with HTN?

A

cortisol sensitizes vessels to catecholamines

82
Q

Would Cushings present with hyperkalemia or hypokalemia? Why?

A

hypokalemia

cortisol adtivates MR

83
Q

What acid/base abnormality would Cushings present with?

A

metabolic alkalosis

84
Q

Why does Cushings present with abdominal striae?

A

excess cortisol impairs collagen synthesis

85
Q

Does high dose dexamethosone suppress pituitary adenoma?

A

yes

86
Q

Does high dose dexamethosone suppress ectopic production?

A

no

87
Q

What causes congenital adrenal hyperplasia?

A

defects in cortisol production

88
Q

How would 21-Hydroxylase deficiency present in terms of sodium?

A

hyponatremia

89
Q

How would 21-Hydroxylase deficiency present in terms of potassium?

A

hyperkalemia

90
Q

How would 21-Hydroxylase deficiency present in terms of blood pressure?

A

severe hypotension

91
Q

How would 21-Hydroxylase deficiency differ from 11-Hydroxylase deficiency?

A

11-Hydroxylase deficiency would present with HTN

92
Q

Which molecule is used to screen for all forms of CAH?

A

17-hydroxyprogesterone

93
Q

Which cancer metastisizes to the adrenal?

A

lungs

94
Q

Would Addisons disease present with Hypotension or Hypertension?

A

hypotension

95
Q

Would Addisons disease present with Hyponatremia or Hypernatremia?

A

hyponatremia

96
Q

Would Addisons disease present with Hypokalemia or Hyperkalemia?

A

hyperkalemia

97
Q

Would Addisons disease present with acidosis or alkalosis?

A

acidosis

98
Q

Where are chromaffin cells derived from?

A

neural crest

99
Q

What is the organ of Zuckerkandl?

A

chromaffin organ located at bifurcation or aorta

100
Q

Is a pituitary adenoma a tumor or the anterior or posterior pituitary?

A

anterior

101
Q

What hormone mediates the growth of tissues during acromegaly?

A

IGF-1

102
Q

In what two classic locations does myxedema produce enlargement?

A

deeping of voice and tongue

103
Q

What drug can cause hypothyroidism?

A

lithium

104
Q

How does De Quervain Thyroiditis present?

A

transient hypothyroidism

105
Q

Is the thyroid tender is De Quervain Thyroiditis?

A

yes

106
Q

Is the thyroid tender during Riedel Fibrosing Thyroiditis?

A

no

107
Q

Does Riedels or De Quervains invade local structures?

A

Riedels

108
Q

Does Anaplastic Carcinoma effect an old or young person?

A

old

109
Q

Orphan Eye Nuclei are present during which thyroid neoplasm?

A

Papillary carcinoma

110
Q

Psamomma bodies are present during which thyroid neoplasm?

A

papillary

111
Q

Which thyroid neoplasm spreads to cervical lymph nodes?

A

Papillary

112
Q

Which four carcinomas spread hematogenously?

A

renal cell

follicular thyroid

HCC

choriocarcinoma

113
Q

MEN2B also features what neoplasm?

A

ganglioneuromas of oral mucosa

114
Q

Does anaplastic carcinoma invade local structures?

A

yes

115
Q

Where in the gland do β-cells lie?

A

center

116
Q

Which HLA molecules are associated with Type 1 DM?

A

HLA-DR4 and HLA-DR4

117
Q

What happens to the islets during Type 1 DM?

A

inflammation

118
Q

What type of hypersensitivity reaction is present during Type 1 DM?

A

Type 4

119
Q

What do β-cells become filled with during Type 1 DM?

A

amyloid

120
Q

What hormone drives the adrenals to undergo hyperlasia?

A

ACTH

121
Q

Is Waterhouse-Friderichsen acute or chronic?

A

acute

122
Q

Is Addison acute or chronic?

A

chronic

123
Q

Why would Addisons disease produce hyperpigmentation?

A

POMC is cleaved to ACTH and melanocyte stimulating hormone

124
Q

What color is a pheochromocytoma?

A

Brown

125
Q

Where is the most common location of a pheochromocytoma outside of the adrenal gland?

A

bladder wall

126
Q

What is the treatment for central diabetes insipidus?

A

Desmopressin

127
Q

What are two locations of TSH receptors implicated in Graves Disease?

A

orbital

shin

128
Q

Is Riedel Fibrosing Thyroiditis hard or soft?

A

hard

129
Q

What are two physical features of cretinism?

A

enlarged tongue and umbilical hernia

130
Q

What are Hurthle Cells?

A

metaplastic cells that line thyroid follicle

131
Q

What is nephrocalcinosis?

A

metastatic calcification of renal tubules

132
Q

Why does high phosphate cause elevated PTH?

A

free phosphate binds free calcium

133
Q

What stress hormone stimulates glucagon release?

A

epinephrine

134
Q

Which adrenergic receptor does aldosterone upregulate?

A

alpha-1

135
Q

By what three mechanisms do glucocorticoids suppress the immune system?

A

inhibit PLA2

inhibit IL2

INHIBIT HISTAMINE RELEASE

136
Q

Why would Waterhouse-Friedrichsen Syndrome produce hyperpigmentation?

A

excess ACTH stimulates melanocytes

137
Q

What happens to visceral organs during Acromegaly?

A

grow

138
Q

By what mechanism does GH produce hyperglycemia?

A

GH induces gluconeogenesis

139
Q

Which chemotherapy drug can cause SIADH?

A

cyclophosphamide

140
Q

Which ion can thyroid hormone increase?

A

calcium

141
Q

Which two specific GAGs increase in the eye durnig hyperthyroidism?

A

hyaluronic acid

chondroitin sulfate

142
Q

What causes Thyroid Storm?

A

increased circulating catecholamines

143
Q

Would Primary Hyperparathyroidism have an increase or decrease in ALP?

A

increase

144
Q

Which two tissues express GLUT4?

A

skeletal muscle and adipose tissue

145
Q

What drug can be used to treat Familial Hyperaldosteronism?

A

Dexamethasone

146
Q

What causes Liddle Syndrome?

A

decreased degradation of sodium channels in collecting tubules

147
Q

What are two common locations of a pheochromocytoma outside of the adrenal gland?

A

bladder wall

organ of zuckerkandl

148
Q

Name for diseases that can produce a pheochromocytoma?

A

MEN 2A and 2B

VHL

NF1

149
Q

What is the most common cause of death in acromegaly?

A

cardiac failure

150
Q

Is Scalloping of the thyroid due to hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism? Which specific cause?

A

hyper

Graves

151
Q

What is the most common enzyme responsible for congenital cretinism?

A

Thyroid Peroxidase

152
Q

Would Hashimoto’s transiently present with a hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism?

A

hyper

153
Q

What is the prognosis of Papillary Carcinoma?

A

excellent

154
Q

What two complaints could an individual with Anaplastic Carcinoma of the Thyroid present with?

A

Dysphagia

respiratory compromise

155
Q

Which has a stronger genetic predisposition, T1DM or T2DM?

A

T2DM

156
Q

What color is the adrenal medulla?

A

brown

Pathoma (19 decks)

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