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Pathoma > Adaptations, Injury Death > Flashcards

Adaptations, Injury Death Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three permanent tissues?

A

cardiac

skeletal

nerve

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2
Q

Which parts of the cytoskeleton are ubiquitinated during apoptosis?

A

intermediate filaments

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3
Q

What vitamin is necessary for the differentiation of epithelial cells?

A

Vitamin A

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4
Q

What is myositis ossificans?

A

trauma causes skeletal muscle to convert into bone

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5
Q

What is the treatment for methemoglobinemia?

A

methylene blue

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6
Q

What two ions build up in the cell during hypoxia?

A

Na+ and Ca2+

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7
Q

What is the hallmark of irreversible injury? Reversible?

A

membrane damage

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8
Q

What is the hallmark of cell death?

A

loss of nucleus

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9
Q

What is pyknosis?

A

nuclear condensation

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10
Q

What is karyorrhexis?

A

nuclear fragmentation

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11
Q

What is karyolysis?

A

nuclear dissolution

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12
Q

Which organs undergo coagulative necrosis?

A

all except brain

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13
Q

What are the macrophages of the brain?

A

microglia

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14
Q

What organ undergoes coagulative necrosis?

A

lung

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15
Q

What ion is consumed during fat necrosis? What is this process called?

A

calcium

Soaponification

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16
Q

What is the difference between dystrophic and metastatic calcification?

A

metastic occurs during periods of high calcium levels or phosphate levels

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17
Q

What molecule provides the energy for apoptosis?

A

ATP

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18
Q

What is the function of bcl-2?

A

prevent cytochrome c leaking from mitochondria

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19
Q

Is cytochrome C located in the inner or outer mitochondrial matrix?

A

inner

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20
Q

What CD molecule is the Fas Receptor?

A

CD95

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21
Q

What molecule directly activates caspases? What cell secretes this molecule?

A

Granzyme

CD8+ T-cells

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22
Q

What free radical does radiation produce?

A

hydroxyl free radical

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23
Q

What free radical is produced by NADPH Oxidase?

A

superoxide

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24
Q

Which three vitamins are anti-oxidants?

A

Vitamin A, C and E

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25
Q

What reaction is catalyzed by Superoxide Dismutase?

A

Superoxide into H2O2

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26
Q

What is CCl4 converted to? By what enzyme?

A

chloroform

p450

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27
Q

What does carbon tetrachloride produce in hepatocytes? Why?

A

fatty change

lack of Apolipoprotein synthesis leads to fatty accumulation in the cell

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28
Q

What causes an increase in cardiac enzymes following the re-establishment of blood flow?

A

repurfusion

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29
Q

What is the stain for amyloidosis?

A

congo red

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30
Q

What is the common secondary structure for amyloid deposits?

A

β-sheets

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31
Q

What protein is found during Primary Amyloidosis? What is this protein derived from?

A

AL amyloid

immunoglobulin light chain

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32
Q

Which amyloid deposits during Secondary Amyloidosis?

A

AA amyloid

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33
Q

What protein is AA amyloid derived from?

A

serum amyloid-associated protein (SAA)

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34
Q

What type of protein is SAA?

A

acute phase reactant

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35
Q

What rare disease is SAA increased when there isn’t chronic inflammation?

A

Familial Mediterranean Fever

36
Q

What are the two presentations of Familial Mediterranean Fever?

A

fever

serosal inflammation

37
Q

What three conditions can FMF mimmic?

A

appendicitis

arthritis

acute-MI

38
Q

What is the most common organ involved during amyloidosis?

A

kidney

39
Q

What happens to the kidney during amyloidosis?

A

nephrotic syndrome

40
Q

What type of myopathy takes place during amyloidosis?

A

restrictive amyloidosis

41
Q

What three organs are enlarged during amyloidosis?

A

tongue and hepatosplenomagelys

42
Q

What protein deposits in the heart during Senile Cardiac Amyloidosis?

A

non-mutated serum transthyretin

43
Q

What protein deposits during Familial Amyloid Cardiomyopathy? Does this cause disease?

A

mutated serum transthyreitin

yes

44
Q

What protein deposits in the pancreas during T2DM? What is this protein derived from? Where in the pancreas?

A

amylin

insulin

pancreatic islets

45
Q

Which chromosome is β-amyloid precursor protein found?

A

21

46
Q

What type of protein deposits during dialysis? Where?

A

β2-macroglobulin

joints

47
Q

Tumor cells in an amyloid background is indicative of what disease? What makes up the amyloid?

A

Medullary Carcinoma of Thyroid

calcitonin

48
Q

What always follows necrosis?

A

inflammation

49
Q

What cell mediates liquefactive necrosis in an abscess?

A

neutrophils

50
Q

What type of necrosis is gangrenous necrosis?

A

Coagulative

51
Q

Where are the two locations of gangrenous necrosis?

A

lower limb and GI tract

52
Q

What are the two causes of caseous necrosis?

A

TB or fungal infection

53
Q

What is Saponification?

A

when calcium deposits on dead tissues

54
Q

Metastatic calcification requires which two electrolytes to be high?

A

calcium or phosphate

55
Q

What type of necrosis would be present in a pregnant 30 year old woman? Where? Why?

A

fibrinoid

placenta

pre-ecclampsia

56
Q

Which MHC isoform is present on platelets?

A

MHC one

57
Q

How does TNF promote apoptosis?

A

activates caspases

58
Q

Fenton Rxn produces what free radical?

A

hydroxyl free radical

59
Q

Which secondary structure does amyloid assume?

A

β-pleated

60
Q

Does amyloid deposit extracellular or intracellular?

A

extracellular

61
Q

What composes AL light chain?

A

immunoglobulin light chain

62
Q

Which cell is dysfunctional during Familial Mediterranean Fever?

A

Neutrophil

63
Q

Why can FMF produce arthritis?

A

conversion of SAA into AA that can deposit into tissues

64
Q

Why can amyloidosis result in malabsorption?

A

wall of bowel thickened

65
Q

What are two common sites for a biopsy to Dx amyloidosis?

A

adominal fat pad and rectum

66
Q

5% of what race carries the gene for Familial Amyloid Cardiomyopathy?

A

African Americans

67
Q

β2-Microglobulin is found in what other protein?

A

MHC one

68
Q

What protein is not filtered well from the blood?

A

β2-Microglobulin

69
Q

What is the one specific cause of fibrinoid necrosis and non-specific cause of fibrinoid necrosis?

A

malignant HTN = specific

vasculitis = non-specific

70
Q

What is metaplasia?

A

change in cell type

71
Q

What mechanism decreases cell size?

A

proteasome

72
Q

What mechanism decreases cell number?

A

apoptosis

73
Q

What type of epithelial cell is in the stomach?

A

columnar

74
Q

What mechanisms is responsible for metaplasia?

A

Reprogramming of stem cells

75
Q

Does apocrine metaplasia increase the risk for breast cancer?

A

no

76
Q

Is SaO2 increased or decreased during CO poisoning?

A

decreased

77
Q

What are the two main cellular manifestations of cellular swelling?

A

loss of microville

membrane blebbing

78
Q

Are dissociation of ribosomes reversible or irreversible?

A

irreversible

79
Q

Is the electron transport chain on the inner or outer mitochondrial membrane?

A

inner

80
Q

What is the most damaging free radical?

A

hydroxyl

81
Q

What do free radicals due to lipids?

A

peroxidation

82
Q

Which two metal carrying proteins can act as anti-oxidants?

A

transferrin and ceruloplasmin

83
Q

Wha free radical does glutathione peroxidase handle?

A

hydroxyl

84
Q

Does amyloid like blood vessels?

A

yes

85
Q

Is amyloidosis seen during type one or type two diabetes?

A

type two

Pathoma (19 decks)

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