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Adaptations, Injury Death Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three permanent tissues?

A

cardiac

skeletal

nerve

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2
Q

Which parts of the cytoskeleton are ubiquitinated during apoptosis?

A

intermediate filaments

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3
Q

What vitamin is necessary for the differentiation of epithelial cells?

A

Vitamin A

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4
Q

What is myositis ossificans?

A

trauma causes skeletal muscle to convert into bone

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5
Q

What is the treatment for methemoglobinemia?

A

methylene blue

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6
Q

What two ions build up in the cell during hypoxia?

A

Na+ and Ca2+

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7
Q

What is the hallmark of irreversible injury? Reversible?

A

membrane damage

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8
Q

What is the hallmark of cell death?

A

loss of nucleus

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9
Q

What is pyknosis?

A

nuclear condensation

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10
Q

What is karyorrhexis?

A

nuclear fragmentation

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11
Q

What is karyolysis?

A

nuclear dissolution

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12
Q

Which organs undergo coagulative necrosis?

A

all except brain

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13
Q

What are the macrophages of the brain?

A

microglia

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14
Q

What organ undergoes coagulative necrosis?

A

lung

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15
Q

What ion is consumed during fat necrosis? What is this process called?

A

calcium

Soaponification

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16
Q

What is the difference between dystrophic and metastatic calcification?

A

metastic occurs during periods of high calcium levels or phosphate levels

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17
Q

What molecule provides the energy for apoptosis?

A

ATP

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18
Q

What is the function of bcl-2?

A

prevent cytochrome c leaking from mitochondria

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19
Q

Is cytochrome C located in the inner or outer mitochondrial matrix?

A

inner

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20
Q

What CD molecule is the Fas Receptor?

A

CD95

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21
Q

What molecule directly activates caspases? What cell secretes this molecule?

A

Granzyme

CD8+ T-cells

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22
Q

What free radical does radiation produce?

A

hydroxyl free radical

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23
Q

What free radical is produced by NADPH Oxidase?

A

superoxide

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24
Q

Which three vitamins are anti-oxidants?

A

Vitamin A, C and E

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25
What reaction is catalyzed by Superoxide Dismutase?
Superoxide into H2O2
26
What is CCl4 converted to? By what enzyme?
chloroform p450
27
What does carbon tetrachloride produce in hepatocytes? Why?
fatty change lack of Apolipoprotein synthesis leads to fatty accumulation in the cell
28
What causes an increase in cardiac enzymes following the re-establishment of blood flow?
repurfusion
29
What is the stain for amyloidosis?
congo red
30
What is the common secondary structure for amyloid deposits?
β-sheets
31
What protein is found during Primary Amyloidosis? What is this protein derived from?
AL amyloid immunoglobulin light chain
32
Which amyloid deposits during Secondary Amyloidosis?
AA amyloid
33
What protein is AA amyloid derived from?
serum amyloid-associated protein (SAA)
34
What type of protein is SAA?
acute phase reactant
35
What rare disease is SAA increased when there isn't chronic inflammation?
Familial Mediterranean Fever
36
What are the two presentations of Familial Mediterranean Fever?
fever serosal inflammation
37
What three conditions can FMF mimmic?
appendicitis arthritis acute-MI
38
What is the most common organ involved during amyloidosis?
kidney
39
What happens to the kidney during amyloidosis?
nephrotic syndrome
40
What type of myopathy takes place during amyloidosis?
restrictive amyloidosis
41
What three organs are enlarged during amyloidosis?
tongue and hepatosplenomagelys
42
What protein deposits in the heart during Senile Cardiac Amyloidosis?
non-mutated serum transthyretin
43
What protein deposits during Familial Amyloid Cardiomyopathy? Does this cause disease?
mutated serum transthyreitin yes
44
What protein deposits in the pancreas during T2DM? What is this protein derived from? Where in the pancreas?
amylin insulin pancreatic islets
45
Which chromosome is β-amyloid precursor protein found?
21
46
What type of protein deposits during dialysis? Where?
β2-macroglobulin joints
47
Tumor cells in an amyloid background is indicative of what disease? What makes up the amyloid?
Medullary Carcinoma of Thyroid calcitonin
48
What always follows necrosis?
inflammation
49
What cell mediates liquefactive necrosis in an abscess?
neutrophils
50
What type of necrosis is gangrenous necrosis?
Coagulative
51
Where are the two locations of gangrenous necrosis?
lower limb and GI tract
52
What are the two causes of caseous necrosis?
TB or fungal infection
53
What is Saponification?
when calcium deposits on dead tissues
54
Metastatic calcification requires which two electrolytes to be high?
calcium or phosphate
55
What type of necrosis would be present in a pregnant 30 year old woman? Where? Why?
fibrinoid placenta pre-ecclampsia
56
Which MHC isoform is present on platelets?
MHC one
57
How does TNF promote apoptosis?
activates caspases
58
Fenton Rxn produces what free radical?
hydroxyl free radical
59
Which secondary structure does amyloid assume?
β-pleated
60
Does amyloid deposit extracellular or intracellular?
extracellular
61
What composes AL light chain?
immunoglobulin light chain
62
Which cell is dysfunctional during Familial Mediterranean Fever?
Neutrophil
63
Why can FMF produce arthritis?
conversion of SAA into AA that can deposit into tissues
64
Why can amyloidosis result in malabsorption?
wall of bowel thickened
65
What are two common sites for a biopsy to Dx amyloidosis?
adominal fat pad and rectum
66
5% of what race carries the gene for Familial Amyloid Cardiomyopathy?
African Americans
67
β2-Microglobulin is found in what other protein?
MHC one
68
What protein is not filtered well from the blood?
β2-Microglobulin
69
What is the one specific cause of fibrinoid necrosis and non-specific cause of fibrinoid necrosis?
malignant HTN = specific vasculitis = non-specific
70
What is metaplasia?
change in cell type
71
What mechanism decreases cell size?
proteasome
72
What mechanism decreases cell number?
apoptosis
73
What type of epithelial cell is in the stomach?
columnar
74
What mechanisms is responsible for metaplasia?
Reprogramming of stem cells
75
Does apocrine metaplasia increase the risk for breast cancer?
no
76
Is SaO2 increased or decreased during CO poisoning?
decreased
77
What are the two main cellular manifestations of cellular swelling?
loss of microville membrane blebbing
78
Are dissociation of ribosomes reversible or irreversible?
irreversible
79
Is the electron transport chain on the inner or outer mitochondrial membrane?
inner
80
What is the most damaging free radical?
hydroxyl
81
What do free radicals due to lipids?
peroxidation
82
Which two metal carrying proteins can act as anti-oxidants?
transferrin and ceruloplasmin
83
Wha free radical does glutathione peroxidase handle?
hydroxyl
84
Does amyloid like blood vessels?
yes
85
Is amyloidosis seen during type one or type two diabetes?
type two

Pathoma (19 decks)

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