Neuro Flashcards
1
Q
anancephaly
A
no forebrain
maternal T1DM
2
Q
holoprosencephaly problem and s/s
A
malformation - hemispheres dont split
SHH, patau, FAS
cyclopia
3
Q
lissencephaly
A
agyria
4
Q
cape-like pain and temp loss
A
syringomealia (C8-T1)
5
Q
tongue motor innervation
A
all XII except palatoglossus = X
6
Q
microglial giant cells
A
HIV brain
7
Q
conditoins that injure oligodendrocytes
A
MS
OML
Leukodystrophies (metachromatic-, adreno-)
8
Q
fingertip sesnroy Rs
A
merkel = skin ruffini = joints + objects slipping
9
Q
meynert
A
Ach
10
Q
vasogenic edema
A
when infarct or neoplasm destroys endotheial TJs
11
Q
REM
A
via PPRF activation
every 90 minutes, increases in duration throughout night
decreased by alcohol, benzos, barbs, NE
[delta decreased by ABB too)
12
Q
sleep N2
A
spindles/k-complexes
bruxisms
most time here (45%)
13
Q
thalamus =
A
relay for ASCENDING information
except olfactory
14
Q
LGN vs MGN
A
LGN = vision MGN = hearing (input = superior olive + inferior tectum)
15
Q
osmotic demyelination syndrome
A
cental pontine white matter destructions (myelinolysis)
16
Q
Cerebellar tracts
A
superior = outflow contra cerebrum (purkinje cells) middle = inflow contra cerebrum inferior = inflow ipsi spinal cord
17
Q
cerebellar lesions
A
dentate = lateral .: ipsi distal limbs (hands, fall to ipsi) vermal/fastigial/FN = medial .: bilateral axial and proximal limb
18
Q
intention tremmor
A
cerebellum
19
Q
cerebellar s/s + anti-Yo, ant-P/Q, anti-Hu
A
subacute cerebellar degeneration
paraneoplastic against cerebellum
20
Q
post-stroke pain syndrome: cause and s/s
A
thalamic infarct
neuropathic pain - burning/stabbing contralaterally
allodynea and dysethesia
21
Q
lentiform output
A
always inhibitory!!
22
Q
direct and indirect paths
A
direct = increased movement, stim by SNc D1 indirect = inhibit movement, inhib by SNc D2
23
Q
myoclonus: s/s and cause
A
quick breif uncontrolled movements i.e. hiccups or jerks
indicates metabolic problem: renal or hepatic failure
24
Q
lewy bodies
A
parkinsons
lewy body
25
a-synneuclein
parkinsons
| lewy body
26
caudate cell death via
NDMA-R binding and glutamate toxicity
27
transcortical aphasias
repetition IN TACT
28
corpus callosum BF
MCA
29
CPP
CPP = MAP - ICP
30
Nucleus ambiguus lesion
PICA! 9 + 10 (mixed)
dysphasia, hoarse
[sensory problems of body and face]
ipsilateral horners
31
Facial nucleus lesion
AICA! 5 + 7 (mixed)
32
basilar a. lesion
locked in - blinking only
33
Berry aneurism RF
```
ADPKD
Ehlers danlos
old
black
smoker
HTN
```
34
hypertensive encephalopathy
vs. hypoxic ischemic encepthalopathy
vs. charcot-bouchard rupture
vs. hypertensive arteriolar sclerosis
```
HTN-E = progressive HA, non-localizing s/s. brain edema
H-I-E = global ischeima causing coma/vegetative; hippocampus first affected
CBR = see right away because bleed
HAS = lacunar infarcts, same areas as bouchard [in old people can be lobar]; cant see until 1 week (necrosis vis ischemia); via lipohyalinosis or microatheromas
```
35
AVM rupture
SAH
36
new changes in neuro s/s after SAH
vasospasm (or re-bleed or hydrocephalus)
vasospasm dx = dopler (cant see on CT)
rx = nimodipine
37
dx ischemic brain (stroke)
diffusion-weighted MRI = within 3-30 mins
CT = 6-24 hrs
need to ensure its not a bleed before tPA
38
1st histo sign of brain ischemia
12-48h = red neurons
39
MC site intracerebral hemmorhage
basal ganglia
40
Pseudotumour cerebri: s/s, rx
HA, obese, female, diplopia (CN 6), papiledema, vit A excess, danazol (for endometriosis), high OP
NO mental status changes
rx = acetazolamide, topirimate, weight loss, shunt, optic nerve fenestration
41
synnapse then cross
ASCENDING ONLY!
| [CSTr has only 1 synnapse, in the anterior horn]
42
MS spinal cord demyelination
white matter, mostly in cervical region
43
Rx ALS
Riluzole - decreases presynnaptic glutamate release
44
tabes spinal cord
posterior column and dorsal roots
DC - lose propiroception of legs (romberg/ataxia)
DR - pain and temp (charcot)
DR - areflexia of DTRs [but no motor problem]
45
B12 problem:
```
subacute combined degeneration
- DC - proprioception
- CSTr - motor
- spinocerebellar - ataxia
also axonal degeneration of peripheral nerves - paresthesias
```
46
superior colliculi
conjugate VERTICAL gaze
47
MC secretion from pinealoma
bHCG (precocious puberty)
48
Thru optic canal:
CNII
Opthalamic artery
Retinal vein
49
thur superior orbital fissure
CN 3, 4, V1, 6
opthalamic vein
sympathetics
50
styloPHARYNGEUS
CN IX
| elevates pharynx and larynx
51
Carotid body + sinus
CN IX
52
aortic arch chemo and baro--R
CN X
53
dorsal motor nucleus
ANS (PSNS) to heart, lungs, upper GI
54
CN V; which way does tongue deviate
jaw TOWARDS lesion
55
causes of CN VII palsy
```
idiopathic (bells)
Lyme
HSV
VZV
Tumour
sarcoidosis
DM
```
56
nystagmus =
Fast correction direction
57
Which side are vessels in fundoscopy?
NASAL
58
hyperopia =
far-sighted
| so eyeball too short
59
peripheral vs central vision loss
```
peripheral = glaucoma
central = ARMD (scotomas)
```
60
polio
motor problem
ALSO PEC .: mcc aseptic meningitis
[picorna virus; ss+RNA, naked]
61
GFAP +
astrocytes
oligodendrocytes
ependymal cells
62
Skin tumours of NF-1 origin
Schwann .: NCC
63
acute dysphagia, dystonia, and diplopia
botulism
64
cocaine MOA
prevents reuptake of NE, 5HT, DA
65
treating anticholinesterase poisoning
```
atropine = body and CNS anti-muscarinic
pralidoxime = no CNS, but destroys the drug so it decreases Ach at muscarinic AND nicotinic (muscles) receptors
```
66
S-100 =
NCC
67
anti-VEGF: names and rx of:
Bevacizumab
Ranibizumab
Wet ARMD
Proliferative DM retinopathy
68
cherry red spot macula adult
central retinal artery occlusion
69
Nuclei in pupilary light reflex
pre-tectal nuclei
EW nuclei
ciliary ganglia
*bypass LGN because its a reflex
70
fish cause non- and deplarizing Na+ channel blocks
non-depol:
saxitoxin
tetrodotoxin
depol:
ciguatoxin
batrachotoxin
71
dementia with visual hallucinations
Lewy body dementia
| [will see parkinsonian s/s later]
72
MS Dx
gold standard = MRI
also IgG oligoclonal bands in CSF
73
random GBS s/s
```
facial paralysis (CN 5 and 7)
autonomic dysregulation
papiledema via proteins
```
74
acute disseminated postinfectious enceohalitis
VZV, measles, small pox vaccine, rabies vaccine
75
CMTD
```
pes cavus
scoliosis
common peroneal
motor and sensory
defective production
```
76
Krabbe
galactocerebrosidase --> galactocerebroside + psychosine
| globoid cells
77
metachromatic leukodystropht
arylsulfatase A --> sulfatides
production and destruction
ataxia and dementia
78
ALD
VLCFA
NS, testes, adrenals
X-linked
79
delayed horizontal nystagmus =
peripheral vertigo
| menieres, canal debris, CN VIII infection
80
immediate nystagmus in any direction =
central vertigo
| brainstem (CN8 nucleus) or cerebellar lesion
81
Sturge-Weber
```
STURGE
Somatic, stain (port-wine)
Tram-tracks (leptomeningeal angiomas)
Unilateral
Retardation
GNAQ (activating), Glaucoma
Epilepsy
```
82
Tuberous sclerosis
Hammartomas everywhere
AD
Renal angiomyolipomas, rhabdomyomas, mitral regurg
Ash-leaf, Shagreen
subependymal astrocytomas and ungual fibromas
83
NF-1
cafe, lisch, cutaneous
pheo
optic gliomas
NF1 = tumour suppressor
84
VHL
hemangioblastomas (cerebellum, brainstem, retina, spine)
RCC bilateral
pheo
85
NF2
bilateral acoustic neuromas
juvenile cataracts
meningiomas
ependymomas
