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Step 1 Prep > Neuro > Flashcards

Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

Neural plate gives rise to…

A

Neural tube and neural crest cells

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2
Q

Notochord induces…

A

Overlying ectoderm to differentiate into neuroectoderm and form the neural plate

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3
Q

Notochord becomes…

A

Nucleus pulposus of IV disc in adults

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4
Q

Alar vs. Basal plate of primitive spinal cord derivatives

A

Alar: sensory
Basal: motor

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5
Q

What two serum/AF markers are present in NTD’s?

A
  1. AFP

2. AChE

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6
Q

The technical names for the fore/mid/hind-brain and their derivatives

A

Forebrain: Prosencephalon – Tel/Di
Midbrain: Mesencephalon – Mes
Hindbrain: Rhombencephalon – Met/Myel

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7
Q

Holoprosencephaly results from…

A

Failure of L-R separation (sonic)

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8
Q

Arnold-Chiari malformation

A

Chiari 2: cerebral aqueduct stenosis

A/W TL MMcele

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9
Q

Dandy-Walker Malformation

A

Agenesis of cerebellar vermis with cystic enlargement of 4th ventricle; fills enlarged posterior fossa

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10
Q

Anterior vs. Posterior tongue derived from what branchial arches?

A

Anterior: Arch 1
Posterior: Arch 3+4

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11
Q

Embryological origin CNS vs. PNS

A

CNS+ependymal+oligodendrocytes: Neuroectoderm
PNS+Schwann: Neural crest cells
Mesoderm: Microglial

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12
Q

Nissl substance stains…

A

RER of axons

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13
Q

Wallerian degeneration

A

Degeneration distal to the injury and axonal retraction proximally; allows for potential regeneration of axon (if in PNS)

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14
Q

Which cell in the CNS is responsible for physical support, K+ metabolism, removal of excess NT, maintenance of BBB and reactive gliosis?

A

Astrocytes

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15
Q

CNS phagocytes

A

Microglia

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16
Q

How do microglial respond to tissue injury?

A

Differentiate into large phagocytic cells

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17
Q

Nodes of Ranvier have high concentrations of what type of ion channel?

A

Sodium

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18
Q

What type of cell is destroyed in MS?

A

Oligodendrocyte

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19
Q

How many different types of cells does each oligodendrocyte/Schwann cell myelinate?

A

Oligodendrocyte: up to 50 axons

Schwann cell: 1 PNS axon

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20
Q

Shwann cells are destroyed in what condition?

A

GBS

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21
Q

Inflammatory infiltrate in GBS is in what layer?

A

Endoneurium

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22
Q

What layer of nerve must be rejoined in microsurgery for limb reattachment?

A

Perineurium

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23
Q

Dense C/T that surrounds entire nerve (fascicles and BV)

A

Epineurium

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24
Q

C fibers vs. A-delta fibers in free nerve endings

A

C: slow, unmyelinated

A-delta: fast, myelinated

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25
Q

Merkel’s discs vs. Meissner’s corpuscles

A

Meissner: Large, myelinated; fast adaptor [dynamic, fine touch] – hairless skin
Merkel: Large, myelinated; slow adaptor [static touch, position] – hair follicles

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26
Q

Free nerve endings sense

A

Pain and temperature

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27
Q

Pacinian corpuscles sense…

A

Pressure, vibration [deep skin layers, ligaments, joints]

28
Q

Location synthesis: NE

A

Locus ceruleus (pons)

29
Q

Location synthesis: Dopamine

A

Ventral tegmentum and SNc (MB)

30
Q

Location synthesis: 5-HT

A

Raphe nucleus (pons)

31
Q

Location synthesis: ACh

A

Basal nucleus of Meynert

32
Q

Location synthesis: GABA

A

Nucleus acumbens

33
Q

Stress and panic center of the brain

A

Locus ceruleus (pons)

34
Q

Reward center, pleasure, addiction, fear in the brain

A

Nucleus accumbens

35
Q

ACh increased/decreased in Alzheimer’s and Huntington’s

A

Decreased

36
Q

NE increased/decreased in anxiety

A

Increased

37
Q

Infarction and/or neoplasm destroying endothelial cell TJ’s results in

A

Vasogenic edema

38
Q

Lateral hypothalamus

A

Hunger (inhibited by leptin)

39
Q

Ventromedial hypothalamus

A

Satiety (Stimulated by leptin)

40
Q

Anterior hypothalamus

A

Cooling (parasympathetic)

41
Q

Posterior hypothalamus

A

Heating (sympathetic)

42
Q

Suprachiasmatic nucleus hypothalamus

A

Circadian rhythm

43
Q

Hypothalamus regulates

A

Thirst/H2O, Adenohypop, Neurohypop, Hunger, Autonomic, Temperature, Sexual

44
Q

VPL, VPM, LGN, MGN, VL of the thalamus

A 
VPL: DC/ML, ALS
VPM: Trigeminal, gustatory
LGN: CN2 --> calcarine sulcus
MGN: SO/Inf. colliculus
VL: Basal gangli
45
Q

Major relay center for all ascending sensory information except olfaction

A

Thalamus

46
Q

What system in the brain includes structures responsible for emotion, LTM memory, olfaction, behavior modulation, ANS system

A

Limbic system

47
Q

Superior, Medial, Inferior cerebellar peduncles

A

Superior: output to contralateral cortex
Middle: input from contralateral cortex
Inferior [propioception]: input from SC [climbing/mossy fibers]

48
Q

Describe cerebellar output

A

Purkinje fibers –> deep nuclei (lat to medial: DEGF) –> contralateral cortex

49
Q

Lateral vs. Medial cerebellum

A

Lateral: voluntary movement
Medial: balance, truncal coordination

50
Q

Essential (postural) vs. resting vs. intention tremor

A

Essential: familial, EtOH/beta-blocker, primidone
Resting: Parkinson’s
Intention: Cerebellar dysfunction

51
Q

Hemiballismus is characterstically lesion of…

A

Contralateral subthalamic nucleus; lacunar stroke

52
Q

Broca’s vs. Wernicke’s area

A

Broca: motor speech (formulation of speech)
Wernicke: associative auditory cortex (understanding)

53
Q

Homunculus: medial vs. lateral (blood supply)

A

Medial: Anterior cerebral artery [toes, leg, shoulder, hand]
Lateral: Middle cerebral artery [face]

54
Q

PPRF lesion vs. FEF lesion

A

PPRF: look away from lesion
FEF: look towards lesion

55
Q

Amygdala lesion

A

Kluver-Bucy: hyperorality, hypersexuality, disinhibited behavior

56
Q

Frontal lobe lesion

A

Disinhibition and deficits in [ ] & orientation, and judgement; may have reemergence of primitive reflexes

57
Q

R parietal lobe lesion

A

Spatial neglect syndrome: agnosia of the contralateral side of the world

58
Q

B/L Mammillary body lesion

A

Wernicke-Korsakoff: confusion, opthalmoplegia, ataxia, amnesia, confabulation, personality changes [B1 deficiency]

59
Q

Cerebellar hemisphere vs. vermis lesion

A

Hemisphere: intention tremor, limb ataxia, loss of balance (ipsilateral)
Vermis: Truncal ataxia, dysarthria

60
Q

Lesion to the subthalamic nucleus

A

Contralateral hemiballismus

61
Q

Lesion to the hippocampus

A

Anterograde amnesia; inability to make new memories

62
Q

Broca’s area

A

Inferior frontal gyrus

63
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

Superior temporal gyrus of temporal lobe

64
Q

Aphasia vs. Dysarthria

A

Aphasia: higher-order inability to speak (language)
Dysarthria: motor inability to speak (movement)

65
Q

Global vs. Conduction aphasia

A

Global: Broca’s + Wernicke’s
Conduction: Poor repetition but fluent speech; damage to arcuate fasiculus

66
Q

If a patient cannot repeat the phrase: No if’s, ands, or buts… There is damage to

A

Arcuate fasiculus

67
Q

Hypoxemia increases cerebral perfusion pressure only when PO2 < ______ mm Hg

A

50

Step 1 Prep (15 decks)

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