Neuro

Question 1

Neural plate gives rise to…

Answer 1

Neural tube and neural crest cells

Question 2

Notochord induces…

Answer 2

Overlying ectoderm to differentiate into neuroectoderm and form the neural plate

Question 3

Notochord becomes…

Answer 3

Nucleus pulposus of IV disc in adults

Question 4

Alar vs. Basal plate of primitive spinal cord derivatives

Answer 4

Alar: sensory
Basal: motor

Question 5

What two serum/AF markers are present in NTD’s?

Answer 5

1. AFP

2. AChE

Question 6

The technical names for the fore/mid/hind-brain and their derivatives

Answer 6

Forebrain: Prosencephalon – Tel/Di
Midbrain: Mesencephalon – Mes
Hindbrain: Rhombencephalon – Met/Myel

Question 7

Holoprosencephaly results from…

Answer 7

Failure of L-R separation (sonic)

Question 8

Arnold-Chiari malformation

Answer 8

Chiari 2: cerebral aqueduct stenosis

A/W TL MMcele

Question 9

Dandy-Walker Malformation

Answer 9

Agenesis of cerebellar vermis with cystic enlargement of 4th ventricle; fills enlarged posterior fossa

Question 10

Anterior vs. Posterior tongue derived from what branchial arches?

Answer 10

Anterior: Arch 1
Posterior: Arch 3+4

Question 11

Embryological origin CNS vs. PNS

Answer 11

CNS+ependymal+oligodendrocytes: Neuroectoderm
PNS+Schwann: Neural crest cells
Mesoderm: Microglial

Question 12

Nissl substance stains…

Answer 12

RER of axons

Question 13

Wallerian degeneration

Answer 13

Degeneration distal to the injury and axonal retraction proximally; allows for potential regeneration of axon (if in PNS)

Question 14

Which cell in the CNS is responsible for physical support, K+ metabolism, removal of excess NT, maintenance of BBB and reactive gliosis?

Answer 14

Astrocytes

Question 15

CNS phagocytes

Answer 15

Microglia

Question 16

How do microglial respond to tissue injury?

Answer 16

Differentiate into large phagocytic cells

Question 17

Nodes of Ranvier have high concentrations of what type of ion channel?

Answer 17

Sodium

Question 18

What type of cell is destroyed in MS?

Answer 18

Oligodendrocyte

Question 19

How many different types of cells does each oligodendrocyte/Schwann cell myelinate?

Answer 19

Oligodendrocyte: up to 50 axons

Schwann cell: 1 PNS axon

Question 20

Shwann cells are destroyed in what condition?

Answer 20

GBS

Question 21

Inflammatory infiltrate in GBS is in what layer?

Answer 21

Endoneurium

Question 22

What layer of nerve must be rejoined in microsurgery for limb reattachment?

Answer 22

Perineurium

Question 23

Dense C/T that surrounds entire nerve (fascicles and BV)

Answer 23

Epineurium

Question 24

C fibers vs. A-delta fibers in free nerve endings

Answer 24

C: slow, unmyelinated

A-delta: fast, myelinated

Question 25

Merkel's discs vs. Meissner's corpuscles

Answer 25

Meissner: Large, myelinated; fast adaptor [dynamic, fine touch] -- hairless skin Merkel: Large, myelinated; slow adaptor [static touch, position] -- hair follicles

Question 26

Free nerve endings sense

Answer 26

Pain and temperature

Question 27

Pacinian corpuscles sense...

Answer 27

Pressure, vibration [deep skin layers, ligaments, joints]

Question 28

Location synthesis: NE

Answer 28

Locus ceruleus (pons)

Question 29

Location synthesis: Dopamine

Answer 29

Ventral tegmentum and SNc (MB)

Question 30

Location synthesis: 5-HT

Answer 30

Raphe nucleus (pons)

Question 31

Location synthesis: ACh

Answer 31

Basal nucleus of Meynert

Question 32

Location synthesis: GABA

Answer 32

Nucleus acumbens

Question 33

Stress and panic center of the brain

Answer 33

Locus ceruleus (pons)

Question 34

Reward center, pleasure, addiction, fear in the brain

Answer 34

Nucleus accumbens

Question 35

ACh increased/decreased in Alzheimer's and Huntington's

Answer 35

Decreased

Question 36

NE increased/decreased in anxiety

Answer 36

Increased

Question 37

Infarction and/or neoplasm destroying endothelial cell TJ's results in

Answer 37

Vasogenic edema

Question 38

Lateral hypothalamus

Answer 38

Hunger (inhibited by leptin)

Question 39

Ventromedial hypothalamus

Answer 39

Satiety (Stimulated by leptin)

Question 40

Anterior hypothalamus

Answer 40

Cooling (parasympathetic)

Question 41

Posterior hypothalamus

Answer 41

Heating (sympathetic)

Question 42

Suprachiasmatic nucleus hypothalamus

Answer 42

Circadian rhythm

Question 43

Hypothalamus regulates

Answer 43

Thirst/H2O, Adenohypop, Neurohypop, Hunger, Autonomic, Temperature, Sexual

Question 44

VPL, VPM, LGN, MGN, VL of the thalamus

Answer 44

``` VPL: DC/ML, ALS VPM: Trigeminal, gustatory LGN: CN2 --> calcarine sulcus MGN: SO/Inf. colliculus VL: Basal gangli ```

Question 45

Major relay center for all ascending sensory information except olfaction

Answer 45

Thalamus

Question 46

What system in the brain includes structures responsible for emotion, LTM memory, olfaction, behavior modulation, ANS system

Answer 46

Limbic system

Question 47

Superior, Medial, Inferior cerebellar peduncles

Answer 47

Superior: output to contralateral cortex Middle: input from contralateral cortex Inferior [propioception]: input from SC [climbing/mossy fibers]

Question 48

Describe cerebellar output

Answer 48

Purkinje fibers --> deep nuclei (lat to medial: DEGF) --> contralateral cortex

Question 49

Lateral vs. Medial cerebellum

Answer 49

Lateral: voluntary movement Medial: balance, truncal coordination

Question 50

Essential (postural) vs. resting vs. intention tremor

Answer 50

Essential: familial, EtOH/beta-blocker, primidone Resting: Parkinson's Intention: Cerebellar dysfunction

Question 51

Hemiballismus is characterstically lesion of...

Answer 51

Contralateral subthalamic nucleus; lacunar stroke

Question 52

Broca's vs. Wernicke's area

Answer 52

Broca: motor speech (formulation of speech) Wernicke: associative auditory cortex (understanding)

Question 53

Homunculus: medial vs. lateral (blood supply)

Answer 53

Medial: Anterior cerebral artery [toes, leg, shoulder, hand] Lateral: Middle cerebral artery [face]

Question 54

PPRF lesion vs. FEF lesion

Answer 54

PPRF: look away from lesion FEF: look towards lesion

Question 55

Amygdala lesion

Answer 55

Kluver-Bucy: hyperorality, hypersexuality, disinhibited behavior

Question 56

Frontal lobe lesion

Answer 56

Disinhibition and deficits in [ ] & orientation, and judgement; may have reemergence of primitive reflexes

Question 57

R parietal lobe lesion

Answer 57

Spatial neglect syndrome: agnosia of the contralateral side of the world

Question 58

B/L Mammillary body lesion

Answer 58

Wernicke-Korsakoff: confusion, opthalmoplegia, ataxia, amnesia, confabulation, personality changes [B1 deficiency]

Question 59

Cerebellar hemisphere vs. vermis lesion

Answer 59

Hemisphere: intention tremor, limb ataxia, loss of balance (ipsilateral) Vermis: Truncal ataxia, dysarthria

Question 60

Lesion to the subthalamic nucleus

Answer 60

Contralateral hemiballismus

Question 61

Lesion to the hippocampus

Answer 61

Anterograde amnesia; inability to make new memories

Question 62

Broca's area

Answer 62

Inferior frontal gyrus

Question 63

Wernicke's area

Answer 63

Superior temporal gyrus of temporal lobe

Question 64

Aphasia vs. Dysarthria

Answer 64

Aphasia: higher-order inability to speak (language) Dysarthria: motor inability to speak (movement)

Question 65

Global vs. Conduction aphasia

Answer 65

Global: Broca's + Wernicke's Conduction: Poor repetition but fluent speech; damage to arcuate fasiculus

Question 66

If a patient cannot repeat the phrase: No if's, ands, or buts... There is damage to

Answer 66

Arcuate fasiculus

Question 67

Hypoxemia increases cerebral perfusion pressure only when PO2 < ______ mm Hg

Answer 67

50