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Step 1 Prep > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

4 basic types of tissues

A
  1. Epithelial
  2. Connective
  3. Muscle
  4. Nerve
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2
Q

T/F Epithelium is vascular

A

False

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3
Q

Epithelium lining proximal nephron vs. distal

A

Proximal: squamous
Distal: cuboidal

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4
Q

The primary type of epithelium lining the GIT (distal to the esophagus)

A

Simple columnar

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5
Q

Lining of mouth, esophagus and vagina

A

Stratified squamous

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6
Q

Difference between keratinized and nonkeratinized epithelium.

A

Keratinized: no nucleus

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7
Q

What type of odd epithelium lines duct of sweat gland?

A

Stratified cuboidal

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8
Q

What makes pseudostratified epithelium pseudostratified?

A

All cells rest on BM, but not all reach the lumen

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9
Q

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium with stereocilia

A

Epididymis

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10
Q

Lateral adhesions in epithelium

A

Zonula occludens: TJ
Zonula adherens: Intermediate junction
Macula adherens: Desmosome [e-cadherins]

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11
Q

What type of collagen (along with laminin and PG) lines basal lamina?

A

Collagen 4

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12
Q

Hemidesmosome is present

A

Basal surface of epithelium

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13
Q

Basal plasma membrane infoldings contain

A

Na-K-ATPase

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14
Q

Stereocilia are cilia or microvilli? Where are they present?

A

Very long microvilli: present in the epidiymis and vas deferens of male reproductive tract

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15
Q

What is the role of dyenin in cilia?

A

Splits ATP to liberate energy necessary for active movement of cilium

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16
Q

Differentiate between the cilium body and the basal body

A

Body: 9+2 doublets

Basal body: Triplets 9+0

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17
Q

Endocrine vs. Exocrine

A

Endocrine: secrete into B/S
Exocrine: secrete into duct

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18
Q

Eosin vs. Hematoxylin (Color)

A

Eosin: pink zymogen granules
Hematoxylin: purple

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19
Q

Parotid gland: serous or mucinous

A

Serous

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20
Q

Submandibular & sublingual gland: serous or mucinous

A

Mixed

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21
Q

Define holocrine and differentiate from apocrine

A

Entire cell contents released

Apocrine: part of apical cytoplasm released

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22
Q

Define connective tissue & state its embryologic origin

A

Diverse group of cells within ECM (derived from mesenchyme)

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23
Q

What comprises the ECM

A

Fibers: collagen, reticular, elastic

Ground substance: GAG, etc.

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24
Q

Name the collagen: bone, tendon, dentin, skin. Provides tensile strength

A

Collagen 1

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25
Q

Name the collagen: hyaline and elastic cartilage. Observed as fibrils

A

Collagen 2

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26
Q

Name the collagen: Reticular lamina of basement membrane

A

Collagen 3

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27
Q

Name the collagen: Basal lamina. Each binds to binding site of laminin

A

Collagen 4

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28
Q

Name the collagen: amnion and chorion of fetus, muscle and tendon sheaths; no fibrils

A

Collagen 5

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29
Q

T/F Collagen synthesis is inhibited by steroids

A

T

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30
Q

How is collagen degraded?

A

MMP, macrophages, fibroblasts

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31
Q

The most abundant type of connective tissue cell

A

Fibroblast: secrete ground substance, well developed Golgi (osteoblast, etc)

32
Q

Role of brown fat

A

Heat production: neck, abdomen of neonates

33
Q

Mast cells have receptors of which Ig?

A

IgE

34
Q

Shape of eosinophil nucleus

A

Bi-lobed

35
Q

Shape of monocyte nucleus

A

Kidney shaped

36
Q

What type of embryonic connective tissue is found in the umbilical cord?

A

Mucous C/T: Wharton’s jelly = abundant ECM

37
Q

Loose vs. Dense connective tissue. Which has more cells

A

Loose: more cells

38
Q

IL-4 and 13 promote

A

Synthesis of IgE

39
Q

The largest WBC in circulating blood

A

Monocyte

40
Q

Platelets have a lifespan of

A

5-9 days

41
Q

Alpha granules vs. Dense granules of platelets

A

Alpha: clotting factors, PDGF
Dense: ADP, Ca, Serotonin, COX (TXA2)

42
Q

The 3 phases of hematopoeisis in development

A
  1. Yolk sac: 3rd week
  2. Hepatic: 2nd trimester
  3. Bone marrow phase
43
Q

A CD34+ stem cell will give rise to…

A

Common myeloid progenitor (G/AG)

Common lymphoid progenitor (B, T, NK)

44
Q

A stem cell niche is defined as: Where is the stem cell niche found?

A

A spatial structure (microenvironment) where HSC’s are housed and maintained by allowing self renewal in the absence of differentiation

** Epiphyseal areas / spongy or cancellous bone

45
Q

Quiescent HSC’s detach from endosteal niche and migrate towards the center of the bone marrow to the vascular zone, also called

A

Vascular niche

46
Q

Red vs. Yellow marrow

A

Yellow: fat, capillaries, reticular cells, inactive hematopoiesis

Red: Active hematopoesis

47
Q

Where is TPO produced?

A

Liver

48
Q

The main stimulus for erythropoiesis is…

A

Hypoxia

49
Q

Epididymis is lined by:

A

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium with stereocilia

50
Q

Neural crest cells give rise to (in the nervous system)

A

Peripheral ganglia, dorsal root, Schwann cells

51
Q

Neuroectoderm gives rise to (in the nervous system)

A

Most CNS structures

52
Q

Microglia are derived from…

A

Monocytes/Mesoderm

53
Q

3 components of the basement membrane

A

Lamina rara, densa, reticularis

[R, D = epithelial]

54
Q

These cells, recognized by their large size and pale nature of cytoplasm, are in what layer of the heart?

A

Sub-endocardum; Purkinje cells

55
Q

Electron dense vesicles found in cells of the heart secrete…

A

ANP

56
Q

What separates the tunica intima from the tunica media?

A

Internal elastic lamina

57
Q

Which tunica of the blood vessels contains nervi vascularis, vasa vasorum and lymphatics?

A

Tunica adventitia

58
Q

What anticoagualant signal in secreted by endothelial cells?

A

Thrombomodulin

59
Q

What cells produce ACE?

A

Pulmonary endothelium

60
Q

The major elastic arteries include…

A

Aorta and its main branches. 40-70 layers of elastic fibers in the media

61
Q

The muscular arteries include…

A

Named vessels; most abundant; contain more smooth muscle than elastic fibers
* External elastic lamina

62
Q

Which arteries contain an external elastic lamina?

A

Muscular (named) arteries

63
Q

Continuous vs. Fenestrated (visceral) vs. Discontinuous (sinusoidal) capillaries

A

Continuous: tight junction
Fenestrated: eye, ventricles, kidney, LP [includes diaphragm – except the kidney]
Discontinuous: Liver, spleen, BM

64
Q

The homing effect is achieved with which part of blood vessels?

A

High endothelial venules

65
Q

The larger the vein, where are smooth muscle bundles seen?

A

Tunica Adventitia

66
Q

What is common to nervous tissue, bone marrow and cartilage (with respect to vascular histology)?

A

No lymph drainage!

67
Q

What are the characteristic changes in a muscular artery 2/2 HTN?

A

Symmetrical hypertrophy of the muscular media, extensive reduplication of the IEL and fibrotic thickening of the intima

68
Q

_____________ is characterized by lesions of the tunica intima called fibro-fatty plaques that obstruct the vascular lumen and weaken the underlying tunica media

A

Atherosclerosis

69
Q

The gold standard heart disease test

A

Coronary angiography via catheterization

70
Q

Pathology to what part of the blood vessel is implicated Marfan?

A

Tunica media

71
Q

What is the major granule of eosinophils?

A

MBP

72
Q

What is ansiocytosis?

A

A blood abnormality where the RBC’s are of unequal sizes.

73
Q

Ansiocytosis vs. Poikilocytosis

A

Ansio: Size
Poik: Distorted shape of RBC

74
Q

The cell membrane has a polar head made of:

A

Phospholipids, glycolipids, cholesterol

75
Q

In the GIT, the sub-mucosal plexus is called… From what tissue is it derived?

A

Meissner’s plexus [part of the enteric nervous system, derived from neural crest cells]

76
Q

Where is Auerbach’s plexus?

A

Myenteric plexus; also dervied from NC cells; innervates peristaltic muscles

77
Q

Describe the muscular content of the esophagus by 1/3rds.

A

Upper 1/3: Striated
Middle: Striated/Smooth
Lower: Smooth

Step 1 Prep (15 decks)

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