Neural & Hormonal Control of Gastrointestinal Function 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What causes relaxation of the pylorus?

A

activity of enteric neurons

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2
Q

What is the protease present in the stomach?

A

pepsin

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3
Q

Why is the food ground up in the stomach?

A

So it is available to digestive enzymes in the duodenum

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4
Q

Why is there slow release of stomach contents into the duodenum?

A

Because the duodenum can only deal with the acid in small amounts

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5
Q

What is the last nutrient to reach the duodenum?

A

Fat

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6
Q

What are the three things that activate neural feedback?

A

acid, distension and nutrients (mostly amino acids)

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7
Q

What thing in the duodenum inhibits gastric emptying?

A

acid - via the vasovagal reflex

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8
Q

What does acid in the duodenum activate?

A

D cells to release somatostatin

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9
Q

What is the action of somatostatin released in the duodenum?

A

excites terminals of vagal afferents to trigger vasovagal reflex that causes Brunner’s glands to release mucus and bicarbonate

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10
Q

What do amino acids and fatty acids activate in the duodenum?

A

CCK release from I cells

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11
Q

What is the action of CCK?

A

excites vagal neurons to regulate appeptite and enteric neurons to set up motor activity in the intestine

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12
Q

What else do amino acids activate in the duodenum?

A

The release of secretin from S cells

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13
Q

What is the action of secretin?

A

Causes secretion of bicarbonate from the pancreas

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14
Q

What is the action of bicarbonate?

A

neutralises gastric acid to inactivate pepsin and to stop somatostatin secretion and also to re allow gastric emptying - also allows enzymes in the duodenum to work

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15
Q

How does the pancreatic secretions access the duodenum above the pancreatic duct?

A

Via retropulsion

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16
Q

What is the action of CCK as a hormone?

A

release of digestive enzymes from the pancreas, acts on hypothalamus to partly suppress appetite, gall bladder contraction

17
Q

How does the mucosa get sensory information?

A

Via mechanical stimulation activating mechanoreceptors and nutrients stimulating EE and EC cells

18
Q

What is the action of taste receptors in the lumen of the GIT?

A

cause release of serotonin from EC cells

19
Q

What are L cells?

A

cells which express the components of sweet taste receptors and release glucagon like peptide 1 and 2 and pancreatic polypeptide Y to regulate appetite and insulin secretion

20
Q

What is the action of olfactory receptors on EC cells?

A

release of serotonin from the EC cells

21
Q

What are the motor patterns activated in the duodenum?

A

segmentation, peristaslsis and retropulsion

22
Q

What modulates proportion of segmentation and peristalsis?

A

nutrients activating EE and EC cells

23
Q

What determines efficacy of digestion and absorption?

A

rate of transit

24
Q

What are the short chain fatty acids produced by fermentation?

A

acetate, butyrate, propionate

25
What triggers urge to defacate?
distension of rectum
26
What happens in irritable bowel syndrome?
the threshold is reduced and can sense content that is not normally detectable
27
How is the anal sphincter relaxed?
with conscious neural activity
28
What is the migrating motor complex?
A wave of contraction in the fasting state to clear bacteria and cellular debris
29
What is ghrelin?
a growth hormone release inhibitor - released from the stomach in the fasted state - stimulates appetite
30
What is gastrin releasing peptide?
a hormone in nerve terminals near G cells that acts in parallel with vagally release acetylcholine