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Gastrointestinal > Infectious Causes of Gastroenteritis 1 > Flashcards

Infectious Causes of Gastroenteritis 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Why is diarrhoea deadly?

A

Acutely because of loss of fluid and electrolytes and delayed because of malnutrition

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2
Q

Why does diarrhoea cause malnutrition?

A

because of increased energy loss and reduced energy intake

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3
Q

How much fluid enters the gut per day?

A

10L

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4
Q

How much fluid is absorbed by the gut per day?

A

9.9L

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5
Q

What type of diarrhoea does a problem with the small intestine cause?

A

Infrequent stools with a large watery volume

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6
Q

What type of diarrhoea does a problem with the large intestine cause?

A

Frequent stools of lowish volume - possibly containing blood and mucus

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7
Q

What is the most common aetiological agent of diarrhoea in developing countries?

A

Bacteria

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8
Q

What is the most common aetiological agent of diarrhoea in developed countries?

A

Viruses

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9
Q

What are the aetiological agents of non-specific gastro?

A

viruses, bacteria, protozoa

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10
Q

What is dystentery?

A

Diarrhoea with blood and mucus

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11
Q

What are the aetiological agents of dysentery?

A

shigella, EIEC, protozoa

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12
Q

What are the aetiological agents of food borne diarrhoea?

A

staph, salmonella, clostridium, bacillus, vibrio, listeria, viruses, ciguatoxin

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13
Q

What are the aetiological agents of travellers diarrhoea?

A

ETEC, bacteria, viruses, protozoa

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14
Q

What are the aetiological agents of antibiotic associated colitis?

A

clostridium difficile

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15
Q

What are the aetiological agents of haemorrhagic colitis?

A

EHEC

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16
Q

What are the aetiological agents of cholera-like diarrhoea (severe and watery)?

A

vibrio cholerae, ETEC

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17
Q

What are the aetiological agents of enteric fever (typhoid and paratyphoid)?

A

salmonella typhi, s. paratyphi

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18
Q

What are the 5 different types of diarrhoeagenic E. coli?

A

enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC), enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC)

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19
Q

What is the shared adhesin for EPEC and EHEC?

A

intimin

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20
Q

What is the defining factor of EHEC?

A

produces shiga toxins

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21
Q

How do some EAEC get the ability to produce shiga toxins?

A

Because shiga toxins are encoded by bacteriophages

22
Q

What is the symptom of ETEC?

A

watery diarrhoea

23
Q

What is the symptom of EPEC?

A

non-specific gastro

24
Q

What is the symptom of EHEC?

A

blood diarrhoea

25
Q

What is the symptom of EIEC?

26
Q

What is the symptom of EAEC?

A

water diarrhoea

27
Q

Where is ETEC most common?

A

Infants in developing countries and travellers

28
Q

Where is EPEC most common?

A

children in developing countries

29
Q

Where is EHEC most common?

A

developed countries

30
Q

Where is EIEC most common?

A

developing countries

31
Q

Where is EAEC most common?

A

children in developing countries

32
Q

Which diarrhoea causing bacteria is adhesive enterotoxigenic?

A

cholera, ETEC

33
Q

Which diarrhoea causing bacteria is adhesive with brush border damage?

34
Q

Which diarrhoea causing bacteria is restricted to the mucosa?

35
Q

Which diarrhoea causing bacteria invades the submucosa?

A

salmonella, campylobacter

36
Q

Which diarrhoea causing bacteria can have systemic invasion?

A

salmonella

37
Q

How does EPEC adhere to microvilli?

A

Via bundle forming pili

38
Q

What is a pathogenicity island?

A

A block of genes found in pathogens that is missing from non pathogens of the same species

39
Q

What is the locus for enterocyte effacement (LEE) pathogenicity island?

A

the locus on EPEC (and EHEC) that determines is pathogenicity - includes type III secretion system, Tir and intimin and effector proteins

40
Q

What is intimin?

A

A large outer membrane protein required for intimate adherence between bacteria and the cell

41
Q

What is Tir?

A

The receptor for intimin - which human cells don’t express but is carried by EPEC

42
Q

What is the type III secretion system?

A

A system which makes up a ‘needle’ to secrete proteins directly into the cytoplasm of the cell

43
Q

What determines virulence?

A

adhesins, invasive ability, exotoxins and ability to resist killing

44
Q

What is an example of a cytotonic exotoxin?

A

cholera toxin

45
Q

What is an example of cytotoxic exotoxin?

A

shiga toxin

46
Q

Which species of shigella produces shiga toxin?

A

Shigella dysenteria

47
Q

What is the mechanism of shiga toxin?

A

it inhibits protein synthesis

48
Q

What is dysentery?

A

Diarrhoea with blood and mucus

49
Q

What causes dysentery?

A

shigella dysenteria and EIEC

50
Q

What can shiga toxin cause?

A

haemolytic uremic syndrome

51
Q

Which bacteria have a shiga toxin?

A

shigella dysenteria and EHEC and EAEC if obtain it through a bacteriophage

Gastrointestinal (40 decks)

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