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AGRC1041 > nervous tissue 1&2 > Flashcards

nervous tissue 1&2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the main control over the bodys functions

A

the nervous system

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2
Q

the nervous system receives stimuli from the body and environment via

A

sensory receptors

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3
Q

nervous system processes info to initiate an

A

appropriate response

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4
Q

the nervous system receives, processes and sends info via

A

neurons

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5
Q

neurons are supported by

A

neuroglial cells

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6
Q

neurons maintain a _____ potential inside their plasma membrane

A

negative

Na+-K+ pump

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7
Q

neurons respond to stimuli with a wave of

A

depolarization

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8
Q

where do neurons transmit the stimulus to

A

muscles, glands and other neurons (synapses)

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9
Q

2 main components of nervous system

A

central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

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10
Q

central nervous system

A
  • brain and spinal cord
  • processing and command functions
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11
Q

peripheral nervous system

A
  • all nervous tissue outside of CNS
  • relays sensory info to CNS
  • directs commands from CNS to the effector organs
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12
Q

PNS consists of 2 divisions

A

afferent (towards CNS, SENSORY) and efferent (away from CNS, MOTOR)

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13
Q

afferent division of PNS

A
  • towards CNS
  • sensory pathway
  • somatic sensory receptors
  • visceral sensory receptors
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14
Q

efferent division of PNS

A
  • away from CNS
  • motor pathway
  • somatic nervous system to skeletal muscle
  • autonomic nervous system to viscera
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15
Q

autonomic nervous system consists of what two divisions

PNS –> efferent –> autonomic

A
  • sympathetic (fight or flight)
  • parasympathetic (rest and digest)
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16
Q

summary of 4 main divisions of the PNS

A
  • general somatic afferent (sensory)
    to CNS from receptors in skeletal muscle and skin; pressure and pain receptors
  • general visceral afferent (sensory)
    to CNS from heart, GI tract, urinary and reproductive systems
  • general somatic efferent (motor)
    from CNS to skeletal muscle
  • autonomic nervous system (motor)
    sympathetic and parasympathetic, from CNS to viscera, secretory cells
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17
Q

general somatic afferent (sensory)

A

to CNS from receptors in skeletal muscle and skin; pressure and pain receptors

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18
Q

general visceral afferent (sensory)

A

to CNS from heart, GI tract, urinary and reproductive systems

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19
Q

general somatic efferent (motor)

A

from CNS to skeletal muscle

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20
Q

neurons consist of what 3 parts

A
  • cell body (perikaryon, soma)
  • one axon
  • one or more dendrite
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21
Q

cell body of neuron nucelus

A

large round and centrally placed with a prominent nucleolus

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22
Q

cell body of neuron; cytoplasm has a large amount of ____ and numerous ____

A

rER (Nissl substance/ bodies)

mitochondria

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23
Q

in cell body of neuron, golgi apparatus is responsible for packaging

A

neurotransmitters

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24
Q

most neuron cells bodies are located in the

A

CNS

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25
Q

sensory neurons (GSA, GVA) and terminal effector neurons of ANS have cell bodies in

A

peripheral ganglia; aggregates of cell bodies

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26
Q

dendrites are

A

processes which extend from cell body; may be one or many

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27
Q

dendrites form connections with axons of other neurons called a

A

synapse

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28
Q

sites of synapse are studded with

A

dendritic spines (gemmules)

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29
Q

nerve impulses travel along ____ to _____

A

dendrites to cell body

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30
Q

the axon is a

A

single, long cytoplasmic process aka the nerve fiber

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31
Q

the plasma membrane of axon is called the

A

axolemma

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32
Q

the axons may give rise to branches called

A

collateral branches; right angles to axons

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33
Q

the axon branches terminate as fine branches called the

A

telodendrons,

which end as synaptic terminals (form synapses w other neurons or cells)

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34
Q

nerve impulses travel along axon ____ from cell body

A

away

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35
Q

axon may be insulated in a

A

myelin sheath

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36
Q

multipolar neurons

A
  • one axon
  • many dendrites
  • common; motor neurons
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37
Q

bipolar neurons

A
  • one axon
  • one dendrite
  • rare; receptors for smell, sight, balance
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38
Q

unipolar (pseudo-unipolar)

A
  • one axon that arises from a stem from cell body
  • several dendrites
  • common; sensory neurons
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39
Q

name 4 neuroglia found within CNS

A
  • astrocytes
  • oligodendrocytes
  • ependymal cells
  • mircroglia
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40
Q

name 2 neuroglia of PNS

A
  • shwann cells
  • satellite cells
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41
Q

atsrocytes

A
  • neuroglia of CNS
  • star shaped with branching processes
  • pale nuclei
  • cytoplasm requires special staining methods
  • metabolic exchange between neurons & blood
  • structural support to neurons
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42
Q

oligodendrocytes

A
  • neuroglia of CNS
  • dense nuclei
  • cytoplasm requires special staining
  • congregate around cell bodies
  • produce myelin around axons in the CNS
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43
Q

ependymal cells

A
  • neuroglia of CNS
  • cuboidal – columnar epithelial cells
  • line the fluid-filled cavities of the brain & spinal cord
  • may have cilia or microvilli
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44
Q

microglia

A
  • neuroglia of CNS
  • small cells, few in number
  • difficult to see with light microscopy
  • develop into large, amoeboid phagocytes in response to tissue damage
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45
Q

schwann cells

A
  • neuroglia of PNS
  • surround axons in the PNS
  • produce myelin
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46
Q

satellite cells

A
  • neuroglia of PNS
  • surround cell bodies within ganglia
  • provide physical & metabolic support
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47
Q

in PNS, all axons are enveloped by ____ which form ____

A

schwann cells
myelin

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48
Q

small diameter axons are enveloped only in

A

Schwann cell cytoplasm, unmyelinated

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49
Q

myelinated nerves include

A

cranial nerves and spinal nerves

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50
Q

what is myelin

A

a fatty substance, modified plasma membrane, reduced protein and higher lipid content

51
Q

myelin is ____ and so nervous tissue that contains a large proportion of myelinated fibers is referred to as _____

A

white
white matter

52
Q

unmyelinated tissue appears as ____ and so is called _____

A

grey
grey matter

53
Q

myelination function

A

provides insulation, inhibiting diffusion of nerve impulses

54
Q

the segment of myelin produced by each schwann cell is called an

A

internode

55
Q

between each internode (segment of myelin) is a _____ where schwann cells encase the axon but do not form a myelin sheath

A

node of ranvier

56
Q

nerve impulses spread along the axon by jumping from

A

one node of ranvier to the next; saltatory conduction, allows for v rapid conduction of nerve impulses

57
Q

describe process of myelination

A
  • Schwann cells align themselves along an axon
  • Tongue of cytoplasm folds around the axon
  • wraps around many times
  • Cytoplasm is excluded leaving only the plasma membrane of the
    Schwann cell
  • These layers of plasma membrane fuse to form the myelin sheath
58
Q

brain and spinal cord contain both

A

white and grey matter

59
Q

grey matter

A
  • neuron cell bodies
  • axons
  • majority unmyelinated
  • neuroglia
  • blood vessels
60
Q

white matter

A
  • axons
  • majority myelinated
  • neuroglia
  • blood vessels
61
Q

brain white/ grey matter

A
  • grey on OUTSIDE
  • white on INSIDE
62
Q

spinal cord white/grey matter

A
  • white on OUTSIDE
  • grey on INSIDE
63
Q

CNS protected by

A

bone; cranium and vertebrae

64
Q

brain and spinal cord have fluid filled canals and ventricles lined by

what kind of fluid

A

ependymal cells

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

65
Q

how many layers of connective tissue around spinal cord?

what are they?

collectively they are called

A

3:

dura mater,
arachnoid membrane,
pia mater

together called meninges

66
Q

dura mater

A
  • outer layer of connective tissue surrounding brain and spinal cord
  • tough, fibroelastic connective tissue
67
Q

arachnoid membrane

A
  • middle layer of connective tissue surrounding brain and spinal cord
  • fine, cobweb-like
  • spaces filled with CSF
68
Q

Pia mater

A
  • inner layer of connective tissue surrounding brain and spinal cord
  • very fine reticular and collagen fibers
  • blood vessels
69
Q

nerve fiber

A
  • axon of neuron
  • may be afferent or efferent
  • surrounded by Schwann cell sheath
  • may be myelinated or unmyelinated
  • enclosed by reticular fibres = endoneurium
70
Q

nerve fiber enclosed by reticular fibers called

A

endoneurium

71
Q

fasciculus

A
  • collection of fibres (axons)
  • surrounded by connective tissue = perineurium
72
Q

fascicules surrounded by connective tissue called

A

perineurium

73
Q

nerve

A
  • collection of fasciculi
  • contains both afferent & efferent fibres
  • blood vessels
  • bound by connective tissue = epineurium
74
Q

nerve fiber surrounded by

fasciculus surrounded by

nerve is surrounded by

A

endoneurium

perineurium

epineurium

75
Q

ganglia

A

clusters of neuron cell bodies OUTSIDE of the CNS

76
Q

what do ganglia contain? what is it surrounded by

A
  • satellite cells, schwann cells, blood vessels, neurons
  • surrounded by connective tissue which is continuous with the epineurium
77
Q

craniospinal ganglia: where? what kind of fibers? what kind of neurons?

A
  • close to brain and spinal cord
  • afferent fibers (sensory)
  • unipolar neurons
78
Q

autonomic ganglia: where? what kind of fibers? what kind of neurons?

A
  • may be free structures or within tissues
  • efferent fibers (motor)
  • multipolar neurons
79
Q

nerve impulses cross from one neuron to another at the

A

synapse

80
Q

passage of stimulus over the neuron/ synapse usually via

special synapses use direct

A

chemical transmitters

electrical transmission

81
Q

most synapses are axo-_____

less comon are axo- _____ and axo-_____

A

axo-dendritic

axo-somatic and axo-axonic

82
Q

a single neuron may have how many synapses

A

hundreds

83
Q

synapses may be ____ or _____

A

excitatory or inhibitory

84
Q

chemical transmission: transmitter substances (aka neurotransmitters) are produced by

A

pre-synaptic neuron

85
Q

neurotransmitters are spread across gap between

what is this gap called

A

presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons

gap is called synaptic cleft

86
Q

cytoplasm of pre-synaptic neuron contains

A

mitochondria and vesicles of neurotransmitters

87
Q

neurotransmitters include

A
  • acetylcholine
  • adrenaline (epinephrine)
  • noradrenaline (norepinephrine)
  • serotonin
  • gamma amino butyric acid (GABA)
88
Q

in electrical transmission (as opposed to chemical) nerve impulses transmitted electrically without

A

neurotransmitters

89
Q

in electrical transmission the pre & post synaptic membranes are in close apposition via

A

gap junctions

90
Q

in electrical transmissions how do ions move in from pre to post synaptic membrane

A

ions pass from pre-synaptic membrane to post-synaptic membrane via channels in gap junctions

91
Q

motor end plates aka neuromuscular junctions are

what kind of nerves

A
  • specialized synaptic nerve endings
  • general somatic efferent nerves (motor)
  • skeletal muscle
92
Q

in motor end plates one neuron can be involved with how many muscle fibers

A

several or several hundred

93
Q

in motor end plates the acon terminates in a recess on

A

muscle cell

94
Q

the axon of motor end plate is enclosed by

the basement membranes of muscle cell and Schwann cell ____

A

Schwann cell cytoplasm

fuse

95
Q

in motor end plates the pre-synaptic neuron has _____

signalling is via _____

A

synaptic vesicles

neurotransmitters

96
Q

in motor end plates the post synaptic membrane on the skeletal muscle is specialized with

A

deep folds; secondary synaptic clefts

97
Q

sensory receptors may be

A

nerve endings (dendrites) or specialized cells

98
Q

sensory receptors convert stimuli into

A

afferent nerve signals which pass on to CNS

99
Q

sensory receptors:
free nerve endings

A
  • many small terminal branches of dendrites
  • loss of Schwann cell covering before termination
  • temperature, touch, pain
100
Q

sensory receptors: encapsulated endings

A
  • terminal branches of neuron surrounded by a capsule of cells
  • modify or amplify stimulus, maintain ionic environment
101
Q

sensory receptors; lamellated endings

A
  • layers of connective tissue cells
  • pressure receptors
102
Q

for sensory receptors which nerve endings involved in temp, touch and pain?

which involved with pressure?

which are involved with meissner’s corpuscle and touch?

A

free nerve endings (dendrites)

lamellated endings

encapsulated endings

103
Q

nerves exit from spinal cord as

A

spinal nerves

104
Q

spinal nerves contain what fibers (afferent or efferent)

A

both afferent and efferent

105
Q

how are efferent and afferent fibers sorted in spinal cord

A
  • dorsal root: afferent (sensory)
  • ventral root; efferent (motor)
106
Q

dorsal root of spinal nerves

A

afferent, sensory

107
Q

ventral root of spinal nerves

A

efferent, motor

108
Q

dorsal root (afferent, sensory) of spinal nerves contain sensory nerves of:

A
  • general somatic afferent; from body
  • general visceral afferent; from viscera
109
Q

cell bodies of dorsal root are lodged in

what kind of neurons

A
  • dorsal root ganglion near the spinal cord
  • unipolar (pseudo-unipolar) neurons
110
Q

once the neurons of the dorsal root are inside the spinal cord, they synapse with

A
  • other afferent neurons (interneurons) and/ or
  • directly with efferent neurons
111
Q

ventral root (efferent motor) of spinal nerves contain

A
  • general somatic efferent nerves; to skeletal muscle
  • autonomic nervous system nerves; to viscera
112
Q

cell bodies of ventral root are lodged in

A

grey matter of spinal cord

113
Q

in the ventral root, general somatic efferent axons terminate on

A

skeletal muscle as motor end plates

114
Q

in ventral root, autonomic nervous system axons synapse with a second neuron in an

A

autonomic ganglion within the tissue

115
Q

pyramidal motor neurons

A
  • GSE neurons
  • ventral horn of spinal cord
  • multipolar
  • cell body pyramidal (!)
  • dendrites receive synapses from sensory neurons
  • axon terminates on skeletal muscle as a motor
    end plate
116
Q

sensory neurons

A
  • GSA neurons
  • dorsal root ganglia or cranial nerve ganglia
  • unipolar (pseudo-unipolar)
  • cell body round
  • dendrites form sensory endings & axon
    enters CNS
117
Q

prukinje cells (type of neuron in the brain)

A
  • cerebellum
  • large, flask-shaped
  • right up there with eosinophils
  • multipolar
  • elaborate dendritic tree
118
Q

granule cells (type of neuron in the brain)

A
  • cerebellum
  • very small
  • one axon that divides to make
    contact with Purkinje dendrites
  • several dendrites
119
Q

specialized cells and neurons: neurosensory cells

A
  • located in the special sense organs
  • some are true neurons
  • rods & cones in retina
  • olfactory cells
  • others are cells adapted to transmit stimuli
    to dendrites of sensory neuron
  • taste buds
  • hair cells of inner ear
120
Q

specialized cells and neurons:
neurosecretory cells

A
  • release hormones rather than neurotransmitters
  • neurosecretory cells of hypothalamus
  • cells of adrenal medulla
121
Q

Which of the following statements about the nervous system is INCORRECT?

A.
In the central and peripheral nervous systems, axons are myelinated by Schwann cells; unmyelinated axons are surrounded only by Schwann cell cytoplasm

B.
Ependymal cells are cuboidal or columnar epithelial cells, that may have cilia or microvilli, and that line the fluid-filled cavities of the brain and spinal cord

C.
In the spinal cord, the grey matter contains neuron cell bodies and axons, the majority of which are unmyelinated

D.
Ganglia are clusters of neuron cell bodies outside of the central nervous system, and may contain afferent or efferent neurons

A

A.
In the central and peripheral nervous systems, axons are myelinated by Schwann cells; unmyelinated axons are surrounded only by Schwann cell cytoplasm

122
Q

Which of the following statements about synapses is INCORRECT?

A.
Synapses usually involve chemical transmitters but special synapses use direct electrical transmission

B.
Synapses are exclusively excitatory

C.
A single neuron may have hundreds of synapses

D.
Synapses may be axodendritic, axosomatic, or axoaxonic

A

B.
Synapses are exclusively excitatory

123
Q

Which of the following statements about the central nervous system is INCORRECT?

A.
Spinal nerves contain both afferent and efferent fibres

B.
The dorsal root contains sensory nerves of the General Somatic Afferent and General Visceral Afferent pathways, with the cell bodies located in the dorsal root ganglion

C.
Purkinje cells are large, flask-shaped neurons located within the grey matter of the cerebrum

D.
Pyramidal motor neurons belong to the General Somatic Efferent pathway and are located in the grey matter of the ventral horn of the spinal cord

A

C.
Purkinje cells are large, flask-shaped neurons located within the grey matter of the cerebrum

124
Q

Which of the following statements about the central nervous system is INCORRECT?

A.
Spinal nerves contain both afferent and efferent fibres

B.
The dorsal root contains sensory nerves of the General Somatic Afferent and General Visceral Afferent pathways, with the cell bodies located in the dorsal root ganglion

C.
Purkinje neurons are located within the grey matter of the cerebellum between the granular and molecular layers

D.
Pyramidal motor neurons belong to the General Somatic Efferent pathway and are located in the white matter of the ventral horn of the spinal cord

A

D.
Pyramidal motor neurons belong to the General Somatic Efferent pathway and are located in the white matter of the ventral horn of the spinal cord

AGRC1041 (20 decks)

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