blood Flashcards
1
Q
how much of BW is blood
A
7-8%
2
Q
how much of blood is plasma
A
45-65%
3
Q
is plasma acidic or alkaline
A
alkaline
4
Q
what does plasma consist of
A
dissolved gases, electrolytes, proteins, CHOs, lipids, hormones
5
Q
red blood cells proper name
A
erythrocytes
6
Q
white blood cells proper name
A
leukocytes
7
Q
platelets proper name
A
thrombocytes
8
Q
erythrocytes are highly specialized in that they contain
A
hemoglobin
9
Q
hemoglobin in erythrocytes function
A
carries O2 and CO2, maintains shape of erythrocytes
10
Q
what do erythrocytes look like in mammals
A
round, biconcave, anucleate
11
Q
erythrocytes cytoplasm
A
acidophilic
60% water
40% solid (Hb)
12
Q
life span of erythrocytes
A
120 days
13
Q
what is the most numerous blood cell
A
erythrocytes (RBCs)
14
Q
is birds and reptiles erythrocytes are
A
nucleated
15
Q
erythrocytes are released into circulation as an immature form called
A
reticulocyte
16
Q
reticulocyte
A
immature erythrocyte, slightly larger
17
Q
leukocytes are responsible for
A
bodys immune response
18
Q
clinical significance of number of leukocytes in blood
A
infection/ inflammation
they migrate to other tissues so numbers in blood is variable
19
Q
2 groups of leukocytes
A
granular leukocytes (basophils (blue), neutrophils (white) and eosinophils (red) )
non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes)
20
Q
what is the most numerous of granulocytes (granular leukocytes)
A
neutrophils
(in carnivores most numerous of all leukocytes)
21
Q
why are neutrophils ‘white”
A
light staining granules that are usually not visible
22
Q
describe neutrophil nucelus
A
multi-lobed when mature;
U or S shaped in immature cells
23
Q
barr bodies
A
inactive X chromosome in females, seen as a little dot on the nucleus of neutrophils
24
Q
neutrophils function
A
- Phagocytose bacteria & other particulate material
- degraded by enzymes contained within the granules
- Mobilised in large numbers to focus of infection
25
main constituent of pus
neutrophils
26
how many days are neutrophils in circulation
5 days
27
eosinophils are slightly ____ than nuetrophils
larger
28
why are eosinophils 'red'
large acidophilic granules that stain red
29
eosinophil nucleus
bilobed
30
what do granules in eosinophils contain
hydrolytic enzymes & peroxidases
31
functions of eosinophils
* phagocytose antigen/antibody complexes
* kill helminth parasites
* rest against invading worms & release
contents of granules onto them
* Implicated in hypersensitivity reactions
* a blood smear from an animal with flea allergy dermatitis
will show an eosinophilia
32
basophils frequency
rare
33
basophils are precursors to
tissue mast cells
34
why are basophils 'blue'
many large darkly basophilic granules
35
basophil granules contain
histamine, heparin and serotonin
36
basophil nucleus
bilobed nucleus often obscured by granules
37
basophil functions
* In addition to eosinophils, involved in response to helminth parasites
* Appear to play an important role in the activation of a subset of T lymphocytes
* Implicated in hypersensitivity reactions such as asthma, hayfever, & anaphylactic shock
38
lymphocytes found in
circulation in blood and lymph
39
lymphocytes are concentrated in lymphoid tissue such as
lymph nodes, nodules, spleen and peyer's patches in intestine
40
after neutrophils, what is the 2nd most abundant leukocyte in blood
lymphocytes
41
lymphocyte nucleus
oval/ kidney shaped
42
two forms of lymphocytes
small; most
large
43
what is the body's immunological defense system
lymphocytes
44
3 classes of lymphocytes
T cells, B cells, natural killer cells
45
T cells
* responsible for cell-mediated immune response
* release granules that kill virus-infected & tumour cells
* small lymphocytes
46
B cells
* produce antibodies (humoral immune response)
* subset of B cells are plasma cells
* small lymphocytes
47
Natural killer cells
* cell-mediated immune response
* release granules that kill virus-infected and tumour cells
* large lymphocytes
48
monocytes frequency
around 5% of leukocytes
49
what is the largest leukocyte
monocytes
50
monocyte nucleus
Large, eccentric nucleus that is relatively pale-staining
Nuclear shape is variable: often indented & becomes
more horseshoe-shaped as cell matures
May have 2 or more nucleoli
51
monocyte function
* Have little function in circulating blood
* Highly motile and phagocytic
* Leave the blood after about 3 days & enter tissues:
* macrophages (free roaming within tissue)
* histiocytes (fixed within tissue)
* Respond to: necrotic tissue, microorganisms, inflammation
* Present with neutrophils in pus
* Multinucleate giant cells form by fusion of macrophages
* reminiscent of osteoclasts
52
thrombocytes are not
whole cells; cytoplasmic fragments of a large cell; megakaryocyte
53
thrombocytes size
very small
54
what do thrombocytes assist in
formation of blood clots (thrombi)
55
how do thrombocytes appear on blood smears
in clumps
56
thrombocytes contain granules that store factors associated w
coagulation, inflammation, immune function
57
thrombocytes respond to damaged endothelium in 2 stages;
* Aggregate to form an immediate plug, temporarily stops haemorrhage
* Catalyse the formation of fibrin clot, forms a more permanent seal
58
production of new blood cells is called
haematopoiesis
59
where does haematopoiesis occur (production of new blood cells)
- bone marrow
- lymphatic organs (ex spleen)
- liver of fetus and young
60
____ cells serve as origin for each line of blood cells
stem
61
haemoatopoiesis of erythrocytes
* Erythropoiesis
* Derived from myeloid stem cells in the bone marrow, which
give rise to a large nucleated cell: proerythroblast
* Nucleus undergoes chromatin condensation & is extruded
* Enter circulation as reticulocytes
* Remnants of rRNA in cytoplasm
* Severe haemorrhage/haemolysis
* erythrocyte production increases
* proportion of reticulocytes in circulation
increases (reticulocytosis)
62
lymph consists of
* Excess interstitial fluid
* Ions – similar concentrations to plasma
* Proteins – lower concentrations than plasma
* large proteins don’t leave capillaries
* Cells – lymphocytes, macrophages
* Foreign matter – microbes, proteins
* Lipids from digestion; lipid molecules that are too big to enter circulatory system enter via the lymphatic system
* lacteals in the intestinal villi
63
describe how blood leaves the heart
Blood leaves the heart and travels to tissues via
vessels of diminishing size:
* elastic arteries (e.g. aorta)
* muscular arteries
* arterioles
* capillaries and sinusoids
64
venules collect blood from
capillaries
* medium veins
* large veins return blood to the heart
(e.g. vena cava)
65
elastic arteries
* large vessels
* transport blood from the heart
* walls contain large proportion of elastic fibres
* stretch & recoil as blood pumped
* limited amounts of smooth muscle
66
muscular arteries
* large amounts of smooth muscle
* reduced elastic tissue
67
arterioles
* much smaller than muscular arteries
* 1-2 layers of smooth muscle only
68
capillaries and sinusoids
* thin walled: endothelium on a basement membrane
* sinusoids are wider in diameter than capillaries
* areas where there is a high exchange of solutes
69
venules
* small venules resemble capillaries, but more expanded
* larger venules contain a layer of smooth muscle
70
medium veins
* comparable in size to muscular arteries, but muscle layer is much thinner
71
large veins
* thicker wall and larger lumen, but similar structure
72
valves
* occur in many veins where diameter >2mm
* free edges flow in direction of blood
* prevent back-flow
73
Differentiating Arteries from Veins
* Arteries & veins which supply the same tissue are usually
side by side
* Artery walls are thicker; more smooth muscle & elastic fibres
* Artery walls remain circular, veins collapse
* Elastic fibres recoil
* constrict lumen of arteries
* Arterial endothelium folded; smooth in veins
74
lymph vessels
* Vessels of varying size
* lymphatic capillaries
* lymphatic vessels --> major lymph trunks
*Structure is similar to blood vessels:
* single layer of endothelial cells
* collagen & elastin fibres in larger vessels
* smooth muscle also present in larger vessels
*Permeable, blind-ending
* Branch & anastomose
* form a network within connective tissue
* Close to capillaries & venules
75
lymph vessels ___ in size as they approach thorax
increase
76
where are lymph vessels smallest
in peripheral tissues
77
flow of lymph (unidirectional)
blind-ending lymphatic capillaries
-->
afferent lymphatic vessels
-->
lymph node
-->
efferent lymphatic vessels
-->
major lymph trunk
-->
large vein in the neck
