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AGRC1041 > blood > Flashcards

blood Flashcards

1
Q

how much of BW is blood

A

7-8%

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2
Q

how much of blood is plasma

A

45-65%

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3
Q

is plasma acidic or alkaline

A

alkaline

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4
Q

what does plasma consist of

A

dissolved gases, electrolytes, proteins, CHOs, lipids, hormones

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5
Q

red blood cells proper name

A

erythrocytes

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6
Q

white blood cells proper name

A

leukocytes

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7
Q

platelets proper name

A

thrombocytes

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8
Q

erythrocytes are highly specialized in that they contain

A

hemoglobin

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9
Q

hemoglobin in erythrocytes function

A

carries O2 and CO2, maintains shape of erythrocytes

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10
Q

what do erythrocytes look like in mammals

A

round, biconcave, anucleate

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11
Q

erythrocytes cytoplasm

A

acidophilic
60% water
40% solid (Hb)

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12
Q

life span of erythrocytes

A

120 days

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13
Q

what is the most numerous blood cell

A

erythrocytes (RBCs)

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14
Q

is birds and reptiles erythrocytes are

A

nucleated

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15
Q

erythrocytes are released into circulation as an immature form called

A

reticulocyte

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16
Q

reticulocyte

A

immature erythrocyte, slightly larger

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17
Q

leukocytes are responsible for

A

bodys immune response

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18
Q

clinical significance of number of leukocytes in blood

A

infection/ inflammation
they migrate to other tissues so numbers in blood is variable

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19
Q

2 groups of leukocytes

A

granular leukocytes (basophils (blue), neutrophils (white) and eosinophils (red) )

non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes)

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20
Q

what is the most numerous of granulocytes (granular leukocytes)

A

neutrophils

(in carnivores most numerous of all leukocytes)

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21
Q

why are neutrophils ‘white”

A

light staining granules that are usually not visible

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22
Q

describe neutrophil nucelus

A

multi-lobed when mature;
U or S shaped in immature cells

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23
Q

barr bodies

A

inactive X chromosome in females, seen as a little dot on the nucleus of neutrophils

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24
Q

neutrophils function

A
  • Phagocytose bacteria & other particulate material
  • degraded by enzymes contained within the granules
  • Mobilised in large numbers to focus of infection
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25
Q

main constituent of pus

A

neutrophils

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26
Q

how many days are neutrophils in circulation

A

5 days

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27
Q

eosinophils are slightly ____ than nuetrophils

A

larger

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28
Q

why are eosinophils ‘red’

A

large acidophilic granules that stain red

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29
Q

eosinophil nucleus

A

bilobed

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30
Q

what do granules in eosinophils contain

A

hydrolytic enzymes & peroxidases

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31
Q

functions of eosinophils

A
  • phagocytose antigen/antibody complexes
  • kill helminth parasites
  • rest against invading worms & release
    contents of granules onto them
  • Implicated in hypersensitivity reactions
  • a blood smear from an animal with flea allergy dermatitis
    will show an eosinophilia
32
Q

basophils frequency

A

rare

33
Q

basophils are precursors to

A

tissue mast cells

34
Q

why are basophils ‘blue’

A

many large darkly basophilic granules

35
Q

basophil granules contain

A

histamine, heparin and serotonin

36
Q

basophil nucleus

A

bilobed nucleus often obscured by granules

37
Q

basophil functions

A
  • In addition to eosinophils, involved in response to helminth parasites
  • Appear to play an important role in the activation of a subset of T lymphocytes
  • Implicated in hypersensitivity reactions such as asthma, hayfever, & anaphylactic shock
38
Q

lymphocytes found in

A

circulation in blood and lymph

39
Q

lymphocytes are concentrated in lymphoid tissue such as

A

lymph nodes, nodules, spleen and peyer’s patches in intestine

40
Q

after neutrophils, what is the 2nd most abundant leukocyte in blood

A

lymphocytes

41
Q

lymphocyte nucleus

A

oval/ kidney shaped

42
Q

two forms of lymphocytes

A

small; most
large

43
Q

what is the body’s immunological defense system

A

lymphocytes

44
Q

3 classes of lymphocytes

A

T cells, B cells, natural killer cells

45
Q

T cells

A
  • responsible for cell-mediated immune response
  • release granules that kill virus-infected & tumour cells
  • small lymphocytes
46
Q

B cells

A
  • produce antibodies (humoral immune response)
  • subset of B cells are plasma cells
  • small lymphocytes
47
Q

Natural killer cells

A
  • cell-mediated immune response
  • release granules that kill virus-infected and tumour cells
  • large lymphocytes
48
Q

monocytes frequency

A

around 5% of leukocytes

49
Q

what is the largest leukocyte

A

monocytes

50
Q

monocyte nucleus

A

Large, eccentric nucleus that is relatively pale-staining
Nuclear shape is variable: often indented & becomes
more horseshoe-shaped as cell matures
May have 2 or more nucleoli

51
Q

monocyte function

A
  • Have little function in circulating blood
  • Highly motile and phagocytic
  • Leave the blood after about 3 days & enter tissues:
  • macrophages (free roaming within tissue)
  • histiocytes (fixed within tissue)
  • Respond to: necrotic tissue, microorganisms, inflammation
  • Present with neutrophils in pus
  • Multinucleate giant cells form by fusion of macrophages
  • reminiscent of osteoclasts
52
Q

thrombocytes are not

A

whole cells; cytoplasmic fragments of a large cell; megakaryocyte

53
Q

thrombocytes size

A

very small

54
Q

what do thrombocytes assist in

A

formation of blood clots (thrombi)

55
Q

how do thrombocytes appear on blood smears

A

in clumps

56
Q

thrombocytes contain granules that store factors associated w

A

coagulation, inflammation, immune function

57
Q

thrombocytes respond to damaged endothelium in 2 stages;

A
  • Aggregate to form an immediate plug, temporarily stops haemorrhage
  • Catalyse the formation of fibrin clot, forms a more permanent seal
58
Q

production of new blood cells is called

A

haematopoiesis

59
Q

where does haematopoiesis occur (production of new blood cells)

A
  • bone marrow
  • lymphatic organs (ex spleen)
  • liver of fetus and young
60
Q

____ cells serve as origin for each line of blood cells

A

stem

61
Q

haemoatopoiesis of erythrocytes

A
  • Erythropoiesis
  • Derived from myeloid stem cells in the bone marrow, which
    give rise to a large nucleated cell: proerythroblast
  • Nucleus undergoes chromatin condensation & is extruded
  • Enter circulation as reticulocytes
  • Remnants of rRNA in cytoplasm
  • Severe haemorrhage/haemolysis
  • erythrocyte production increases
  • proportion of reticulocytes in circulation
    increases (reticulocytosis)
62
Q

lymph consists of

A
  • Excess interstitial fluid
  • Ions – similar concentrations to plasma
  • Proteins – lower concentrations than plasma
  • large proteins don’t leave capillaries
  • Cells – lymphocytes, macrophages
  • Foreign matter – microbes, proteins
  • Lipids from digestion; lipid molecules that are too big to enter circulatory system enter via the lymphatic system
  • lacteals in the intestinal villi
63
Q

describe how blood leaves the heart

A

Blood leaves the heart and travels to tissues via
vessels of diminishing size:
* elastic arteries (e.g. aorta)
* muscular arteries
* arterioles
* capillaries and sinusoids

64
Q

venules collect blood from

A

capillaries
* medium veins
* large veins return blood to the heart
(e.g. vena cava)

65
Q

elastic arteries

A
  • large vessels
  • transport blood from the heart
  • walls contain large proportion of elastic fibres
  • stretch & recoil as blood pumped
  • limited amounts of smooth muscle
66
Q

muscular arteries

A
  • large amounts of smooth muscle
  • reduced elastic tissue
67
Q

arterioles

A
  • much smaller than muscular arteries
  • 1-2 layers of smooth muscle only
68
Q

capillaries and sinusoids

A
  • thin walled: endothelium on a basement membrane
  • sinusoids are wider in diameter than capillaries
  • areas where there is a high exchange of solutes
69
Q

venules

A
  • small venules resemble capillaries, but more expanded
  • larger venules contain a layer of smooth muscle
70
Q

medium veins

A
  • comparable in size to muscular arteries, but muscle layer is much thinner
71
Q

large veins

A
  • thicker wall and larger lumen, but similar structure
72
Q

valves

A
  • occur in many veins where diameter >2mm
  • free edges flow in direction of blood
  • prevent back-flow
73
Q

Differentiating Arteries from Veins

A
  • Arteries & veins which supply the same tissue are usually
    side by side
  • Artery walls are thicker; more smooth muscle & elastic fibres
  • Artery walls remain circular, veins collapse
  • Elastic fibres recoil
  • constrict lumen of arteries
  • Arterial endothelium folded; smooth in veins
74
Q

lymph vessels

A
  • Vessels of varying size
  • lymphatic capillaries
  • lymphatic vessels –> major lymph trunks

*Structure is similar to blood vessels:
* single layer of endothelial cells
* collagen & elastin fibres in larger vessels
* smooth muscle also present in larger vessels

*Permeable, blind-ending
* Branch & anastomose
* form a network within connective tissue
* Close to capillaries & venules

75
Q

lymph vessels ___ in size as they approach thorax

A

increase

76
Q

where are lymph vessels smallest

A

in peripheral tissues

77
Q

flow of lymph (unidirectional)

A

blind-ending lymphatic capillaries
–>
afferent lymphatic vessels
–>
lymph node
–>
efferent lymphatic vessels
–>
major lymph trunk
–>
large vein in the neck

AGRC1041 (20 decks)

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