gland secretions

Question 1

Secretion involves 3 distinct cellular activities:

Answer 1

• uptake of simple materials from the extracellular fluid
• processing of these within the cell: produce a more complex product
• release, or transport, of these products

Question 2

what is excretion

Answer 2

which is the removal of waste products

Question 3

can all cells secrete

Answer 3

yes

Question 4

two functional types of glands

Answer 4

• Exocrine: release secretory products onto surface epithelium via
  a duct
• eg sweat glands, salivary glands
• Endocrine: no duct connecting secretory portion to surface epithelium, secrete products directly into blood or lymph (hormones)
• eg pancreas, thyroid gland

Question 5

what forms multicellular exocrine and endocrine galnds

Answer 5

epithelial sheets

Question 6

3 modes of secretion in exocrine glands

Answer 6

• Merocrine (eccrine)
• Apocrine
• Holocrine

Question 7

merocrine (eccrine) secretion
(exocrine)

Answer 7

• vesicles are released via exocytosis when the vesicle
  membranes fuse with the cell membrane
• most common form of secretion
• e.g. some sweat glands, salivary glands

Question 8

what is the most common form of secretion

Answer 8

Merocrine (eccrine)

Question 9

Apocrine secretion

(exocrine)

Answer 9

• secretory vesicles accumulate at the apical portion of cell
• mass of cytoplasm and vesicles is then pinched off
• e.g. mammary gland, some sweat glands

Question 10

holocrine secretion

(exocrine)

Answer 10

• secretory products accumulate and the cell ruptures
• death of cell
• e.g. sebaceous glands

Question 11

A further classification of glands is based on structure:

Answer 11

unicellular and multicellular

Question 12

unicellular glandular structure

Answer 12

• goblet cells of digestive & respiratory tracts
• the only type of unicellular gland
• secrete mucin –> mucous

Question 13

most glands are multi or uni cellular

Answer 13

multicellular

Question 14

goblet cells are found where

Answer 14

amongst columnar cells of epithelium
* digestive tract
* respiratory tract

Question 15

in goblet cells there is Expanded apical portion (theca) contains

Answer 15

mucigen droplets

Question 16

in goblet cells mucigen released by ____ secretion

Answer 16

merocrine

Question 17

what makes up mucous

Answer 17

mucigen + H2O

Question 18

describe nucleus in goblet cells

Answer 18

basal nucleus

Question 19

describe cytoplasm in goblet cells

Answer 19

• Basophilic cytoplasm
• rER & free ribosomes

Question 20

Multicellular Exocrine Glands: Secretions discharged onto epithelial surface via

Answer 20

ducts

Question 21

Multicellular Exocrine Glands: * The deeper cells within the connective tissue are

Answer 21

secretory

*However, cells lining the duct may also produce secretion

Question 22

Multicellular Exocrine Glands: how is secretion discharged

Answer 22

Secretion is discharged from the cell surface into the duct, and then to the epithelial surface

Question 23

what are the 2 classifications of Multicellular Exocrine Glands based on their morphology

Answer 23

• duct system
• secretory end-pieces

Question 24

the 3 types of duct system

(multicellular exocrine glands)

Answer 24

• Simple; single, unbranched duct (may be coiled)
• Simple branched; two or more secretory areas empty into a common duct
• Compound; branched duct system

Question 25

3 types of secretory end pieces (multicellular exocrine glands)

Answer 25

* Tubular * Alveolar (acinar): rounded cluster of cells * Tubuloalveolar: tubular region ending in a rounded alveolus

Question 26

what kind of glands are intestinal glands

Answer 26

simple tubular

Question 27

what kind of glands are stomach (gastric) glands

Answer 27

simple branched tubular

Question 28

what kind of glands are sebaceous glands

Answer 28

simple branched alveolar

Question 29

what kind of glands are duodenal glands

Answer 29

compound tubular

Question 30

what kind of glands are mammary glands

Answer 30

compound alveolar

Question 31

what kind of glands are salivary glands

Answer 31

compound tubuloalveolar

Question 32

in compound glands: secretory portions form ____ which may cluster into _____ separated by collagenous connective tissue

Answer 32

lobules lobes

Question 33

for compound glands: Nerves, blood and lymph vessels enter via

Answer 33

connective tissue septae

Question 34

Duct system begins within the lobules as ______ --> ______ --> ______ --> ______

Answer 34

intercalated ducts → intralobular (striated) duct → intralobar duct → excretory duct

Question 35

compound glands: intercalated ducts → intralobular (striated) duct→ intralobar duct → excretory duct out of these which may modify the secretion

Answer 35

intralobular ducts

Question 36

what kind of ducts are exocrine pancreas glands

Answer 36

compound alveolar

Question 37

Mucous glands

Answer 37

* mucin * thick, sticky, glycoprotein

Question 38

serous glands

Answer 38

* watery * enzymes

Question 39

mixed glands

Answer 39

* contain more than one cell type * produce both mucous & serous secretions

Question 40

most glands secrete how often

Answer 40

at a low level continuously

Question 41

rate of secretion can be modulated by what

Answer 41

hormones, autonomic innervation or a combination of both

Question 42

In glands with alveoli _____ contract to squeeze secretion into the ducts

Answer 42

contractile myoepithelial cells

Question 43

in endocrine glands Connection with surface epithelium

Answer 43

is lost

Question 44

where do endocrine glands secrete their products

Answer 44

Secrete products directly into blood or lymph transported throughout the body to target organ or tissue

Question 45

are endocrine glands vascularized

Answer 45

yes, Well vascularised

Question 46

endocrine secretions are

Answer 46

hormones such as * proteins * steroids

Question 47

endocrine glands are adapted for

Answer 47

storing and releasing products as required

Question 48

storage in endocrine glands is usually

Answer 48

intracellular *however, in thyroid stored in extracellular follicles

Question 49

what kind of secretion do endocrines usually have

Answer 49

merocrine secretion

Question 50

endocrine glands often form

Answer 50

cords or clumps

Question 51

pancreas glands

Answer 51

exocrine and endocrine glands

Question 52

islets of langerhands

Answer 52

endocrine glands in pancreas

Question 53

in thyroid endocrine cells are arranged

Answer 53

into follicles surrounding a mass of secretory product (colloid; thyroglobulin)