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AGRC1041 > cartilage and bone 1&2 > Flashcards

cartilage and bone 1&2 Flashcards

1
Q

cartilage and bone consist of cells within a ____ that they have produced

A

matrix

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2
Q

what does matrix contain

A

fibers and in bone insoluble calcium salts

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3
Q

in cartilage matrix is a firm gel composed of

A

proteoglycans

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4
Q

for cartilage what lays down the matrix

A

chondroblasts

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5
Q

what are the mature cell type of chondroblasts

A

chondrocytes

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6
Q

chondrocytes are isolated in small chambers called

A

lacunae

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7
Q

is there nerves or blood supply in cartilage

A

no: chondrocytes maintained via diffusion through matrix

poor healing properties of cartilage

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8
Q

what forms the fetal skeleton

A

cartilage

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9
Q

fetal cartilage skeleton is largely replaced by

A

bone

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10
Q

cartilage is surrounded by a tough dense fibrous capsule called

A

perichondrium
(has 2 layers)
- outer; irregular dense connective tissue
- inner; cellular layer; chondroblasts; involved in growth

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11
Q

where is the perichondrium NOT found

A

at joint surfaces

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12
Q

describe the 2 layers of the perichondrium

A
  • outer; irregular dense connective tissue
  • inner; cellular layer; chondroblasts; involved in growth
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13
Q

name the 2 mechanisms by which cartilage grows

A
  • interstitial growth
  • appositional growth
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14
Q

describe intersitital growth of cartilage

A
  • GROWTH FROM WITHIN
  • chondrocytes divide  isogenous groups
  • daughter cells produce matrix  pushes cells apart
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15
Q

describe appositional growth of cartilage

A
  • GROWTH BY ADDING TO OUTSIDE
  • chondroblasts divide
  • inner layer of the perichondrium
  • produce matrix
  • differentiate into chondrocytes
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16
Q

name the 3 types of cartilage

A
  • hyaline: closely packed w collagen fibers
  • fibrocartilage; interwoven collagen fibers
  • elastic; elastic fibers
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17
Q

what is the most common type of cartilage

A

hyaline

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18
Q

describe perichondrium of hyaline cartilage

A

dense except at joints

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19
Q

matrix of hyaline cartilage contains

A

closely packed collagen fibers

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20
Q

what type of cartilage forms the skeletal template which later ossifies in the fetus

A

hyaline

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21
Q

where is hyaline cartilage found in an adult

A
  • sternal end of ribs
  • articular surfaces of joints
  • nasal septum, larynx, tracheal rings
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22
Q

fibrocartilage has characteristics that are intermediate between

A

dense connective tissue and cartilage

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23
Q

describe how chondrocytes are in fibrocartilage

A

aligned in rows between layers of interwoven collagen fibers

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24
Q

where is fibrocartilage found

A
  • menisci of stifle
  • intervertebral discs (annulus fibrosus)
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25
Q

fibrocartilage ____ compression and ____ shock

A

resists
absorbs

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26
Q

elastic cartilage contains numerous

A

branching elastic fibers in the matrix

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27
Q

other than elastic fibers, the matrix of elastic cartilage also contains

A

collagen

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28
Q

elastic cartilage is extremely

A

resilient and flexible

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29
Q

where is elastic cartilage found

A
  • pinna of ear
  • auditory (eustachian) tube
  • epiglottis
  • larynx
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30
Q

describe matrix of bone

A
  • calcified
  • CaPO4 and CaCO3
  • hard
  • calcium store
  • contains collagen fibers; relatively flexible, tolerates tension and compression, light
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31
Q

2 types of bone

A

compact and cancellous (spongy)

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32
Q

compact bone

A
  • located on surface of bones
  • sturdy protective layer
  • thickest where stresses greatest
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33
Q

cancellous bone

A
  • located in interior of bones
  • open network of bone plates (trabeculae)
34
Q

ratio of compact: cancellous bone varies with

A

shape of bone

35
Q

long bones consists of what parts

A
  • diaphysis; hollow shaft that contains marrow
  • epiphyses; ends that may be surrounded by cartilage
  • metaphyses; narrow region between diaphysis and epiphyses
36
Q

what kind of bone do long bones consist of

A

both cancellous (spongy) on interior of bone and compact bone (outer layer)

37
Q

central space in diaphysis that contains the marrow is called

A

medullary cavity

38
Q

diaphysis has outer layer of compact bone called the

A

cortex

39
Q

epiphyses has a ___ cortex of compact bone

and central area of ____

A

thin
cancellous bone

40
Q

out of these flat bones:
skull
ribs
sternum
scapulae

which are formed from mesenchyme and which are formed via endochondral ossification

A

skull formed from mesenchyme

rest formed via endochondral ossification

41
Q

flat bone structure

A

Centre of cancellous bone sandwiched between two thick layers (tables) of compact bone

42
Q

do flat bones have a medullary cavity

A

No medullary cavity, but
marrow is dispersed within
cancellous bone

43
Q

periosteum

A
  • Covers the outer layer of compact bone
  • not at articular surfaces
  • becomes interwoven with tendons
  • Fibrous outer layer
  • Cellular inner layer; osteogenic properties, functions in bone growth & repair
44
Q

where is periosteum NOT found

A

not at articular surfaces

45
Q

describe 2 layers of periosteum

A
  • Fibrous outer layer
  • Cellular inner layer; osteogenic properties, functions in bone growth & repair
46
Q

endosteum

A
  • Thin, cellular layer
  • Lining of medullary cavity, trabeculae of cancellous bone
  • Osteogenic properties
  • Functions in bone growth & repair
47
Q

4 types of bone cells

A
  • osteoprogenitor cells
  • osteoblasts
  • osteocytes
  • osteoclasts
48
Q

osteoprogenitor cells are derived from

A

mesenchymal stem cells

49
Q

how do osteoprogenitor cells divide

A
  • divide to produce daughter cells
  • differentiate into osteoblasts
50
Q

where are osteoprogenitor cells located

A

located in cellular layer of periosteum & endosteum

51
Q

osteoprogenitor cells function

A

important in repair of fractures

52
Q

osteoblasts produce

A

the matrix

53
Q

osteoblasts form an epithelial layers in areas of

A

active growth

54
Q

Osteoblasts nucleolus and cytoplasm

A

prominent nucleolus, basophilic cytoplasm

55
Q

osteocytes develop from

A

osteoblasts

56
Q

osteocytes

A

mature bone cells

57
Q

most abundant cell type in bone

A

osteocytes

58
Q

how do osteocytes divide

A

they CANNOT divide

59
Q

where do osteocytes reside in formed bone

A

lacunae

60
Q

how osteocytes contact one another

A
  • cytoplasmic extensions through narrow tunnels called canaliculi
61
Q

canaliculi

A

cytoplasmic extensions through narrow tunnels through which osteocytes contact one another

62
Q

osteocytes maintain the ____ and _____ content of the matrix

A

protein and mineral

62
Q

can osteocytes de-differentiate into osteoblasts and osteoprogenitor cells

A

yes
contribute to repair of damaged bone

63
Q

osteoclasts are syncytia of cells with over ___ nuclei

A

50

64
Q

osteoclasts are involved in

A
  • bone resorption
  • acids & proteolytic enzymes: collagenase
  • dissolve matrix
65
Q

roles of osteoclasts

A
  • bone resorption: acids & proteolytic enzymes: collagenase, dissolve matrix
  • Ca2+ & PO4
    regulation
  • bone remodelling: growth, changed stresses balance between activity of
    osteoclasts & osteoblasts
66
Q

osteoclasts are derived from

A

monocytes (circulating macrophages)

67
Q

where are osteoclasts found

A

found in areas of resorbed bone, called Howship’s lacunae, at junction of bone & endosteum

68
Q

bony matrix laid down in

A

lamellae

69
Q

radiating from lacunae are

A

canaliculi

70
Q

In Compact Bone
Lamellae are laid down in 3 forms:

A
  • Haversion systems (osteons)
  • Interstitial lamellae
  • Circumferential lamellae
71
Q

Haversion systems (osteons) (a way lamella is laid down in compact bone)

A
  • osteocytes arranged in concentric lamellae around a
    central Haversian canal
  • Haversian canal contains one or more blood vessels
  • aligned parallel to long axis of bone
  • Volkmann’s canals at right angles to Haversian canals
72
Q

interstitial lamella (a way lamella is laid down in compact bone)

A
  • between Haversian systems
  • non-concentric lamellae
73
Q

Circumferential lamellae (a way lamella is laid down in compact bone)

A
  • encircle bone
  • beneath periosteum & endosteum
74
Q

in cancellous bone how are lamellae arranges

A
  • Lamellae are not arranged into Haversian systems
  • Matrix forms trabeculae
  • Nutrients reach osteocytes via diffusion along canaliculi
    that open onto surface of trabeculae
75
Q

2 ways bones are formed

A
  • endochondral ossification: from a cartilage model, most bones
  • intramembranous ossification: directly from mesenchyme
76
Q

what bones are formed via intramembranous ossification (ie directly from mesenchyme)

A
  • membrane bones such as:
  • flat bones of skull
  • mandible
  • clavicle
77
Q

steps of intramembranous ossification

A
  1. Embryonic mesenchymal cells cluster, secrete matrix
  2. Mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts: ossification centre
  3. Developing bone extends from ossification centre as
    spicules: osteoblasts become trapped –> osteocytes
  4. Blood vessels grow into developing bone
  5. Matrix calcified
  6. Initially formed as cancellous bone
  7. Remodelled later into compact bone
78
Q

steps of endochondral ossification

A
  1. In the diaphysis, chondrocytes hypertrophy & die as the
    surrounding matrix calcifies = primary centre of ossification
  2. Cells of perichondrium differentiate into osteoblasts & lay down a thin bony collar around the surface of the cartilaginous diaphysis
  3. Blood vessels grow into perichondrium & invade spaces left by dying chondrocytes
  4. Fibroblasts migrate into areas left by dying chondrocytes
  5. Fibroblasts differentiate into osteoblasts and lay down cancellous bone
  6. Secondary centres of ossification in the epiphyses form cancellous bone; cartilage remains on articular surfaces & at the level of the metaphyses (epiphyseal plates; growth plates)
79
Q

zones of endochondral ossification

A
  • zone 1; zone of resting cartilage
  • zone 2; zone of proliferating cartilage
  • zone 3; zone of hypertrophic cartilage
  • zone 4; zone of calcified cartilage
  • zone 5; zone of ossification
80
Q

continues growth in long bones steps: growth in length

A
  1. Chondrocytes multiply at epiphyseal plate
  2. Chondrocytes mature & hypertrophy at diaphyseal end & lay down calcium
  3. Chondrocytes then die, capillaries and osteoprogenitor cells fill the spaces that remain and lay down bony matrix on the calcified cartilage spicules
  4. Bone at diaphyseal end is eroded by osteoclasts, enlarging the marrow cavity
  5. Chondrocyte proliferation equals rate of osteoclast
    remodelling –> epiphyseal plate remains a constant length until growth has ceased
81
Q

continues growth of long bones: growth in diameter

A
  • Appositional growth
  • Osteoblasts in periosteum lay down new bone: form circumferential lamellae
  • Osteoclasts remove bone from inside the bony collar to expand the medullary cavity: medullary cavity enlarges as bone increases in diameter

AGRC1041 (20 decks)

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