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Anatomy and Physiology 2 > Nervous system part one > Flashcards

Nervous system part one Flashcards

1
Q

Can the spinal cord make descisions?

A

Yes; reflexes, can choose to send messages to brain or not

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2
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the nervous system?

A
  1. Central nervous system
  2. Peripheral nervous system
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3
Q

What are the three systems in the peripheral nervous system

A
  1. Somatic nervous system
  2. Autonomic nervous system
  3. Enteric nervous system
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4
Q

What are the two divisions of the PNS?

A
  1. Sensory (afferent) division
  2. Motor (efferent) division
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5
Q

What is the CNS and what does it contain?

A

-The integration and command center
-Contains the brain and spinal cord

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6
Q

What system are the crainal and spinal nerves a part of?

A

PNS

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7
Q

How many crainial and spinal nerves are there?

A

-12 pairs of crainial nerves
-31 pairs of spinal nerves

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8
Q

What nervous system within the PNS is voluntary?

A

The somatic nervous system

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9
Q

Where do sensory neurons convery information to in the somatic nervous system?

A

The CNS

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10
Q

Where do motor neurons conduct impulses from and to in the somatic nervous system?

A

Motor neurons conduct impulses from the CNS to skeletal mucles only

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11
Q

Where does sensory information come from?

In the autonomic nervous system

A

From visceral organs (lungs, heart, kidneys)

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12
Q

Where do motor neurons from the CNS transmit impulses to in the autonomic nervous system?

A

To cardiac, smooth muscle, glands

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13
Q

What are the two main divisions of the motor neurons in the autonomic nervous system?

A
  1. Sympathetic division
  2. Parasympathetic division
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14
Q

True or false?

The effectors of the autonomic nervous sytem recieve innervation from both branches and have opp. actions.

A

True

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15
Q

What is the function of the sensory neurons in the enteric nervous system?

A

Monitors chemical changes and the stretching of the walls of the GI tract

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16
Q

What is the function of the motor neurons in the enteric nervous system?

A

Controls contractions (peristalsis and segmentations) and secretions (acids in stomach, hormones, ect.)

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17
Q

What are the 3 nervous system functions?

A
  1. Sensory function
  2. Integration function
  3. Motor function
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18
Q

How does the nervous system regualte its sensory function?

A

-By monitoring changes from inside and outside of the body
-Retrieves stimulus/sensory input

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19
Q

How does the nervous system regulate its integration function?

A

-Interprets senstory info and makes descisions

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20
Q

How does the nervous system regulate its motor function?

A

-Generates a response
-Activates effectors (muscle to contract or organ to secrete)

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21
Q

Can neurons replicate?

A

-Yes, in the PNS; NOT the CNS

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22
Q

What is the function of the neurons?

A

Generates and propagates nerve impulses

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23
Q

What is more plentiful; neurons or neuralgia, and by how much?

A

Neuralgia, around 25x

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24
Q

True or false?

Neurons are smaller than neuroglia

A

False, neuroglia is smaller and more plentiful than neurons

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25
Q

Can neuralgia transmit nerve signals?

A

No

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26
Q

What is the function of neuralgia?

A

-Support, nourish and protect neurons

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27
Q

What are the 3 parts of a neuron?

A
  1. Cell body
  2. Dendrites
  3. Axon
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28
Q

What does the cell body contain?

A

The nucleus

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29
Q

What part of the neuron is responsible for descision making?

A

The cell body

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30
Q

What is the recieving/input part of a neuron?

A

The dendrites

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31
Q

What is the function of the axons?

A

Propagates nerve impulses to antoehr neuron, muscle or gland

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32
Q

Label the blue boxes in the image

A
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33
Q

How are neurons classified?

A

By thier function; classified according to the direction of nerve impulses travel with respect to the CNS

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34
Q

What are the 3 different functional classifications of neurons?

A
  1. Sensory neurons (afferent neurons)
  2. Motor neurons (efferent neurons)
  3. Interneurons
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35
Q

Which way do sensory nerve impulses travel?

A

Toward the CNS

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36
Q

Which way do motor nerve impulses travel?

A

Carried away from the CNS

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37
Q

Where are interneurons located?

A

Between the sensory and motor neurons

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38
Q

What percentage of neurons do interneurons account for in the body?

A

90%

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39
Q

What is the function of interneurons?

A

They are the descision makers

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40
Q

What is neuroglia?

A

The glue that holds the nervous tissue together

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41
Q

What are the 6 types of neuroglia?

A
  1. Astrocytes
  2. Oligodendrocytes
  3. Microglia
  4. Ependymal cells
  5. Schwann cells
  6. Satellite cells
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42
Q

What types of neuroglia are located in the CNS?

A
  1. Astrocytes
  2. Oligodendrocytes
  3. Microglia
  4. Ependymal cells
43
Q

What type of neuroglia are located in the PNS?

A
  1. Schwann cells
  2. Satellite cells
44
Q

WHat is the function of the schwann cells?

A

-Form the myelin sheath
-Regenerate nerve fiber

45
Q

What is the function of the satellite cells?

A

They surround the neuron cell bodies in the ganglia

46
Q

Where does an action potential begin?

A

At the axon hillock

47
Q

What is the function of the myelin sheath?

A

-To protect and electrically insulate the fiber
-They increase the transmittion of the nerve impulse

48
Q

What makes up the myelin sheath in the CNS?

A

The Oligodendrocytes

48
Q

What makes up the myelin sheath in the PNS?

A

The schwann cells

49
Q

What is the function of the nodes of ranvier?

A

Allows the electrical impulse to jump from node to node

50
Q

What does multiple sclerosis result from?

A

Demyelination

51
Q

What are cell bodies grouped together in the PNS known as?

52
Q

What are cell bodies grouped together in the CNS known as?

53
Q

What are axons bundled together known as in the PNS?

54
Q

What are axons bundled together known as in the CNS?

55
Q

What makes up the gray matter in the spinal cord

A
  1. Neuronal cell bodies
  2. Dendrites
  3. UN myelinated axons
  4. Axon terminals
  5. Neuroglia
56
Q

What makes up the white matter in the nervous sytem?

A

Myelinated axons

57
Q

True or false?

The majority of negative charges are outside the membrane and the majority of positive charges are inside the membrane.

A

False; There is a build up of negative charges inside the membrane and positive charges outside the membrane

58
Q

What is the resting membrane potential numerically?

59
Q

When cells are polarized, do they have a membrane potential?

60
Q

Why is the resting membrane potential negative inside?

A

Due to the excess of positive charges on the outside and negative on the inside

61
Q

What is the cell more permeable to; potassium or sodium?

62
Q

How does the sodium potassium pump maintain balance?

A

-Lets out 3 sodium ions
-Takes in 2 potassium ions

63
Q

What are ion channels?

A

Openings in the membrane that allow specific ions to move across according to the electrochemical gradient

64
Q

How do channels control the movment of ions?

A

Through gates

65
Q

What are the 4 types of channels in the nervous system?

A
  1. Leak channels
  2. Chemically gated/ligand-gated channels
  3. Mechanically gated channels
  4. Voltage-gated channels
66
Q

What parts of the neuron have leak channels?

A

Dendrites, cell bodies and axons for ALL TYPES of neurons

67
Q

What are the majority of leak channels permeable to?

68
Q

What parts of the neuron have chemically gated channels?

A
  1. Dendrites of some sensory neurons (pain receptors)
  2. Dendrites and cell bodies of interneurons and motor neurons
69
Q

How do chemically gated channels work in the nervous system?

A

-Open or close to due a chemical stimulus
-Neurotransmitters (acetocholine) opens channels to allow sodium and Ca ions in and potassium ions out

70
Q

How do mechanically gated channels work in the nervous system?

A

Gates open or close channels due to vibrations, stretching, or pressure

71
Q

Where are mechanically gated channels found in the body?

A
  1. Auditory receptors
  2. Internal organ stretch receptors
  3. Pressure receptors in the skin
72
Q

How do voltage gated channels work in the nervous sytem?

A

Gates open in response to a change in the resting membrane potential

73
Q

Through what type of channel do action potentials move in all neurons?

A

Through voltage gated channels

74
Q

What are the 2 ways that neurons communicate with eachother using electrcical signals?

A
  1. Graded potentials
  2. Action potentials
75
Q

True or false?

Graded potentials trigger A.P.

76
Q

What effect do graded potentials have on a cell in the nervous sytem?

A

-Causes a small deviation in the resting membrane potential and can cause the cell to be more or less polarized
-This stimulates mechanically gates and chemically gated channels to open/close

77
Q

What does “graded” mean in the context of the nervous system?

A

Singal varies in size

78
Q

Where do graded potenatials mainly occur?

A

-Dendrites and cell bodies

79
Q

True or false?

Graded potentials travel for short distances.

80
Q

True or false?

Action potentials travel short distances due to the decrease in signal.

A

False; action potentials travel long distances without losing the strength of the signal

81
Q

Where is the trigger zone for action potentials in neurons?

A

Often the axon hillock

82
Q

What are action potentials?

A

Rapidly occuring sequences of events that decrease and reverse the membrane potential and the restore it back to normal

83
Q

What are the 2 phases caused by action potentials?

A
  1. Depolarizing phase
  2. Repolarizing phase
84
Q

Describe breifly what occurs during the depolarizing phase

A

Sodium channels open and membrane depolarizes due to sodium levels inside the cell

85
Q

Breifly describe what happens during the repolarizing phase:

A

-Potassium channels ooen and potassium leaves the cell, therefore repolarizing

86
Q

True or false?

In order for the cell to repolarize, a threshold level is needed.

87
Q

State the all or nothing principle:

A

If a stimulus reaches threshold, the A.P. is always the same

88
Q

True or false?

A larger graded potential results in a larger action potential.

89
Q

Label the blue boxes

90
Q

How is resting membrane potential obtained?

A

Through leak channels

91
Q

What is a synapse?

A

The site of communication between 2 neurons or between a neuron and an effector cell

92
Q

Where are the majority of synapses located?

A

Axodendndritic-between two dendrites

93
Q

What are the 2 types of synapses?

A
  1. Chemical synapses
  2. Electrical synapses
94
Q

What is the space between neurons called?

A

The synaptic cleft

95
Q

Do neurons touch?

A

No, but are very close

96
Q

Can action potentials jump across chemical synapses?

97
Q

Describe the process of how nerve impuses travel from nerve to nerve:

A
  1. Presynaptic neurons relases a neurotransmitter
  2. Neurotransmitter difuses through cytoplasm and bind with the membrane of the post synaptic neuron
  3. The chemical stimulus causes the chemically gated channels to open and produces an electrical signal in the post synatic neuron
98
Q

How long is the synaptic delay?

A

Around .5 msec

99
Q

What are the advantages of electrical synapses?

A
  1. Faster commuication
  2. Synchronization-heartbeat, peristalsis
100
Q

How are action potentials conducted?

A

Directly between adjacent neurons (gap junctions) via channel protiens through tubuar connexons

101
Q

Where are electrical synapses most common?

A

Common in the brain, visceral smooth muscle and cardiac muscle

102
Q

Label the blue boxes:

Anatomy and Physiology 2 (12 decks)

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