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Anatomy and Physiology 2 > Endocrine system > Flashcards

Endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

T/F

Hormones act quickly.

A

False; Hormones travel throughout the body through the bloodstream (take longer to work)

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2
Q

T/F

The endocrine system releases hormones.

A

True

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3
Q

What do most hormones bind to?

A

Bind to receptors on “target” cells.

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4
Q

T/F

Neurotransmitters also bind to receptors on “target” cells

A

True

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5
Q

T/F

In comparison, the Nervous system acts much quicker than the Endocrine system

A

True

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6
Q

Where do Exocrine Glands secrete products into?

A

Secrete products into ducts

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7
Q

T/F

The parotid gland is an example of an endocrine duct.

A

False; exocrine duct

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8
Q

Where does the partotid gland secrete saliva through?

A

Through the stensens duct

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9
Q

Where does the saliva empty into once going through stensens duct?

A

Into the 2nd upper pre molar (oral vestibule)

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10
Q

T/F

The pancreas is an example of an exocrine gland.

A

True

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11
Q

What is the function of the acini cells?

A

Secretes pancreatic enzymes through the pancreatic duct to the duodenum

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12
Q

What is the prtien digesting enzyme within the pancreas?

A

Trypsinogen

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13
Q

Where do endocrine glands secrete hormones into?

A

Directly into the interstitial fluid that surrounds them, which diffuse into blood stream through cappillaries to target cells

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14
Q

Give 5 examples of exlusive endocrine glands:

A
  1. Pituitary
  2. Thyroid
  3. Parathyroid
  4. Adrenal
  5. Pineal
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15
Q

Give 3 examples of endocrine glands that also have additional functions:

(not exculsive)

A
  1. Thymus
  2. Ovaries/testes
  3. Liver
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16
Q

T/F

Hormones are mediator molecules.

A

True

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17
Q

Where do hormones travel?

A

Through the blood stream

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18
Q

What type of cells do hormones affect?

A

Only affect target cells that haave specifi c protien receptors

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19
Q

What are the 2 main classifications of hormones?

A
  1. Soluble in lipids
  2. Soluble in water
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20
Q

What are the 3 main types of hormones that are soluble in lipids?

A
  1. Steriod hormones
  2. Thyroid hormones
  3. Nitric oxide
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21
Q

T/F

Hormones that are soluble in lipids do not need a carrier protien.

A

False; need a carrier protien

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22
Q

How do lipid soluble hormones travel within the blood?

A

They bind to transport protiens in order to circulate within the blood

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23
Q

How do water soluble hormones travel within the blood?

A

They travel freely within the blood

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24
Q

What are the 2 main differences between lipid soluble hormones vs. water soluble hormones?

A
  1. How they travel through the blood stream
  2. How they affect the cell
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25
Q

What are the 3 water soluble hormones?

A
  1. Amine hormones
  2. Peptide and protien hormones
  3. Eicosanoid hormones
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26
Q

Where do lipid soluble hormones bind to receptors?

A

They pass through the membrane of the cell and bind to receptors within the target cells

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27
Q

Where do water soluble hormones bind to receptors?

A

Bind to receptors on the exterior surface of the target cell

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28
Q

What feedback system do most hormones operate on?

A

A negative feedback system

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29
Q

What are the hypothalamus and pituitary gland connected by?

A

The infundibulum

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30
Q

What is the endocrine function of the pituitary?

A

Secretes hormones that control other endocrine glands

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31
Q

What does the circle of willis surround?

A

The sella turcica

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32
Q

What is the endocrine function of the hypothalamus?

A

Secretes releasing and inhibiting hormones that control the release of hormones by the pituitary gland

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33
Q

What are the 2 lobes of the pitutiary gland?

A
  1. Adenohypophysis or anterior pitutiary
  2. Neurohypophysis or posterior pituitary
34
Q

How many hormones does the anterior pituitary secrete?

A

Secretes 7 hormones

35
Q

How many hormones does the posterior pituitary make?

A

None; but releases 2 hormones made by the hypothalamus

36
Q

T/F

The anterior pituitary gland is larger.

37
Q

What percentage does the anterior pituitary gland make up of the entire pituitary gland?

38
Q

What are the 7 hormones that the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland secretes?

A
  1. Human Growth Hormone (hGH):
  2. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
  3. Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH):
  4. Luteinizing Hormone (LH):
  5. Prolactin (PRL):
  6. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH):
  7. Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (MSH)
39
Q

What 2 hormones are secreted from the posterior pituitary gland?

A
  1. Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
  2. Oxytocin
40
Q

What are the 2 lobes of the thyroid gland?

A

The right and left lateral lobes

41
Q

Where is the thyroid gland located?

A

Inferior to the larynx and anterior to the trachea

42
Q

What are the follicular cells stimulated by, and what do they produce?

A

-Stimulated by TSH from the anterior pituitary gland
-Produce T4 and T3

43
Q

What do the parafollicular cells secrete?

A

Calcitonin

44
Q

What is the function of calcitonin?

A

Decreases blood levels of calcium

45
Q

List 3 functions of the thyroid hormones; T3 and T4

A
  1. Increase basal metabolic rate
  2. Maintain normal body temp
  3. Wokrk with hGH and insulin to accelerate body growth
46
Q

What is hypothyroidism called in adults?

47
Q

T\F

The thyroid hormones stimulate protien synthesis and increase use of glucose and fatty acids for ATP production

48
Q

What are symptoms of hypothyroidism?

A
  1. Fatigue
  2. Muscle weakness
  3. Delay in growth
  4. Memory problems
49
Q

Where are the parathroid glands? How many are there?

A

-Located at the posterior surace of the lateral lobes of the thyroid gland
-There are 4

50
Q

What are the 4 glands of the parathyroid glands?

A
  1. Right inferior gland
  2. Left inferior gland
  3. Right superior gland
  4. Left superior gland
51
Q

What do cheif/principle cells secrete and where are they located?

A

-Located in the parathyroid gland
-Release parathyroid hormone in response to low blood calcium levels

52
Q

T/F

PTH increases calcium levels in the blood.

53
Q

T/F

Calcitonin from the throid gland increases calcium levels in the blood.

A

False; calcitonin from the thyroid gland decreases calcium levels in the blood.

54
Q

What is calcitrol?

A

The active form of vitamin D

55
Q

T/F

The adrenal glands are retroperitoneal.

56
Q

What are the 2 parts of the adrenal glands?

A
  1. Adrenal cortex
  2. Adrenal medulla
57
Q

What zones are located within the adrenal cortex?

A
  1. Outer zone
  2. Middle zone
58
Q

What does the outer zone of the adrenal cortex secrete?

A

Secretes mineralcorticoids

59
Q

What does the middle zone of the adrenal cortex secrete?

A

Secretes glucocorticoids (cortisone and corticosterone)

60
Q

What does the inner zone of the adrenal medulla secrete?

A

Secretes androgens (epinephrine and norepinephrine)

61
Q

T/F

Aldostrone is a mineralocortoid and is responsible for the steroid hormones.

62
Q

T/F

Steroid hormones are released from the adrenal medulla of the adrenal glands.

A

False; Steroid hormones are released from the adrenal cortex of the adrenal glands.

63
Q

What is the adrenal medulla stimulated by?

A

The sympathetic division of the ANS

64
Q

What type of cells are responsible for the secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine within the adrenal medulla?

A

Chromaffin cells

65
Q

What is one risk assosiated with taking too much steroid hormones?

A

Softening of the bone

66
Q

T/F

The pancreas is an endocrine organ.

A

False; the pancreas has both an exocrine and an endocrine function

67
Q

What type of cell is responsible for the exocrine function of the pancreas and what does it travel through?

A

Acinar cells; they produce digestive enzymes that travel to the duodenum through the pancreatic duct.

68
Q

What are the 2 types of cells that are responsible for the endocrine function of the pancreas?

A
  1. Alpha cells
  2. Beta cells
69
Q

What do alpha cells secrete? What does this substance do?

A

-Secrete glucagon
-Raises blood glucose levels

70
Q

What do the beta cells secrete? What does this substance do?

A

-Secretes insulin
-Lowers blood glucose levels

71
Q

T/F

The endocrine function of the pancrease is based off of a positive feedback system.

A

False; Negative feedback system

72
Q

Pictures for understanding.

73
Q

What are the effects on the body from long term hyperglycemia?

A

Nerve damage, kidney damage

74
Q

What are the 4 hormones that are secreted from the ovaries?

A
  1. Estrogen
  2. Progestrone
  3. Inhibin
  4. Relaxin
75
Q

What are the two functions of estrogen?

A
  1. Promotes secondary sex charecteristics
  2. Stimulates uterine growth in prep for pregnancy
76
Q

T/F

Progesterone is important for fetal development and triggers menstration.

77
Q

What is the function of inhibitin?

A

Inhibits secretion of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

78
Q

T/F

The function of relaxin is to increase the flexibiity of the pubic symphysis during pregnancy and helps dialate the cervix during labor and delivery.

79
Q

What are the 2 hormones secreted from the testes?

A
  1. Testostrone
  2. Inhibitin
80
Q

What hormone has these responsibilities?

  1. Fertility
  2. Secondary sex charecteristics
  3. Development of reproductive tissues during embyronic development.
A

Testostrone

Anatomy and Physiology 2 (12 decks)

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