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Anatomy and Physiology 2 > Cardiovascular vessels 1 > Flashcards

Cardiovascular vessels 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main goal of the cardiovascular system?

A

To maintain adequate blood flow to peripheral tissue and organs

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2
Q

What are the different areas of angiography?

A
  1. Cerebral
  2. Cardiac
  3. Abdominal
  4. Peripheral
  5. Catheterization via arteries
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3
Q

Which arteries do we catheterize?

A
  1. Femoral artery
  2. Axillary artery
  3. Brachial artery
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4
Q

How many layers does a blood vessel have?

A

3 layers/tunics

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5
Q

What are the 3 tunics/layers of a blood vessel?

A
  1. Tunica interna/intima
  2. Tunica media
  3. Tunica externa
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6
Q

What is the tunica interna/intima?

A

The innermost layer (endothelium) that is in contact with blood

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7
Q

What is the tunica media?

A

The middle layer containng smooth muscle and elastic tissue

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8
Q

What is the tunica externa?

A

The outermost layyer that anchors the vessel

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9
Q

Which layer in a blood vessel contains the vasa vasorum?

A

The tunica externa

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10
Q

What are the 2 kinds of arteries?

A
  1. Elastic arteries
  2. Muscular arteries
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11
Q

What type of artery is the largest; elastic or muscular?

A

Elastic

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12
Q

What is the size of muscular arteries?

A

They are medium sized

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13
Q

Which type of artery has more elastic fibers? Where is it located?

A

The elastic arteries have more elastic fibers within the thick tunica media

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14
Q

What are the six main elastic arteries within the body?

A
  1. Aorta
  2. Pulmonary trunk
  3. Brachiocephalic
  4. Subclavian
  5. Common carotid
  6. Common Iliac
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15
Q

What are the 9 main musclular arteries within the body?

A
  1. Femoral
  2. Axillary
  3. Brachial
  4. Radial
  5. Intercostal
  6. Splenic
  7. Mesenteric
  8. Popliteal
  9. Tibial
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16
Q

Which type of artery has high compliance?

A

Elastic arteries

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17
Q

What is high compliance?

A

The ability to stretch without tearing in response to increased pressure

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18
Q

What is the function of elastic arteries?

A

To propel blood onward when ventricles are relaxing

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19
Q

What is it called when the blood is unable to get through the vessel when excersing?

A

Angina

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20
Q

Which type of artery contains more smooth muscle fibers?

A

The musclular arteries

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21
Q

What controls the flow/distribution of blood to organs or structures?

A

Vasoconstriction and vasodialation of musclular arteries

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22
Q

What type of artery has high vascular tone?

A

Muscular arteries

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23
Q

What is vascular tone?

A

The ability to maintain pressure and efficient flow

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24
Q

What happens in elastic arteries when the ventricles contract?

A

The walls stretch storing energy, which then is recoiled by elastic fibers converting stored E to kinetic E

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25
Q

What artery provides the ability to contract?

A

The muscular layer within muscular arteries

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26
Q

What does arterioles mean?

A

Small arteries

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27
Q

What is a metarteriole?

A

A terminal end of arterioles that joins to the capillary beds

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28
Q

What is the difference between stable and unstable angina?

A

Unstable: Occurs at rest, worsens and can lead to heart attack
Stable: Occurs when excersing

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29
Q

What are resistance vessels?

A

Resistance that occurs as a result of friction between th blood and the inner walls of a vessel

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30
Q

What happens when the vessel of an arteriole constricts?

A

-Increase in friction, increase in resistane, decrease in blood flow

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31
Q

Where is the precapillary sphincter located and what is its function?

A

-Located at the metaarteriole-capillary junction
-It controls blow flow into the capillary

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32
Q

What do the 3 structures of cappillaries vary by?

A

They vary by thier function

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33
Q

What are the 3 structures of capillaries?

A
  1. Continous
  2. Fenestrated
  3. Sinusoids
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34
Q

Where are ccontinous cappillaries located within the body?

A

CNS, muscles, skin, lungs

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35
Q

Where are the fenestrated capillaries located within the body?

A

Kidneys, small intestine villi, choroid plexus

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36
Q

Where are the sinusoid capillaries located within the body?

A

-Liver, spleeen , red bone marrow

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37
Q

How many cappillaries arise from a single metarteriole? What is this known as?

A

10-100
-This is known as a capillary bed

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38
Q

Approximetley how many capillaries are located in the body?

A

20 billion

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39
Q

Where are capillaries absent within the body?

A

Absent in the cartilage, cornea, les of the eye, epithelial tissues

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40
Q

Will vasoconstriction of arterioles increase or decrease blood pressure?

A

Increase blood pressure

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41
Q

What is the function of a capillary bed?

A

Increase SA so that cells can rapidly recieve O2 and nutrients and remove waste products back into the blood

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42
Q

Where are capillaries more extensive in number?

A

-In areas where metabolic activity is high
-Ex: Kidney, liver, brain, muscle

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43
Q

What layers of a vessel do cappillaries lack?

A

They lack the tunica media and the tunica externa

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44
Q

Where are capillaries located?

A

Between the blood and interstitial fluid

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45
Q

What is a capillary made of?

A

A single layer of endothelial cells and a basement membrane

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46
Q

What is the main function of venules?

A

They drain the capillaries

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47
Q

T/F

Venules may loose thier shape

A

True

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48
Q

What are the 2 types of venules?

A
  1. Muscular venules
  2. Post cappillary venules
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49
Q

What is the function of post capillary venules?

A

Exchange of nutrients and wastes

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50
Q

T/F

ONly postcapillary venules are distensible

A

False; both muscular and postcapillary venules are very distensible

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51
Q

What does distensible mean in relation to blood vessels?

A

That they are an excellent reservoir of blood

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52
Q

What exchange occurs with muscular venules?

A

No exchange occurs

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53
Q

What is the typical range of the diameters of veins?

A

0.5mm-3cm

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54
Q

What are some charecteristics of veins that vary greatly from arteries?

A
  1. Veins have larger lumens
  2. Veins have relatively no smooth muscle or elastic tissue
  3. Veins have a thinner tunica interna and media
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55
Q

Which way do cusps point in veins?

A

Cusps point towards the heart

56
Q

What is the function of the valves within veins?

A

They aid in venous return by preventing backflow

57
Q

Which is larger in veins, thier diameter or their walls?

A

Their diameter

58
Q

What is a consequence of the larger lumens within veins?

A

A decrease in blood pressure causing the vein to collapse

59
Q

What is a vein formed by?

A

Formed by the union of several venules

60
Q

What is the largest vein?

61
Q

Label 1-3

A
  1. Tunica interna
  2. Tunica media
  3. Tunica externa
62
Q

What is an anatomoses?

A

A union of 2 or more branches of arteries supplying the same tissue or rergion

63
Q

What type of cappillary is this?

A

Continous cappillary

64
Q

What type of cappilary is this?

A

Fenestrated

65
Q

What type cappilary is this?

66
Q

What is another term for the built in alternate route known as an anastomoses?

A

Collateral circulation

67
Q

T/F

End arteries always anastomose

A

False; End arteries do nnot anastomose

68
Q

What can blockage of an anastomose lead to?

A

Necrosis and death

69
Q

T/F

An anastomoses can occur between veins, or between arterioles and venules

70
Q

What is the function of anastomoses?

A

Protects the tissues or organs

71
Q

Where is the majority of blood located within the body?

A

Systematic veins and venules (blood resiviours)

72
Q

How much blood from the body do pulmonary vessels contain?

A

9% of blood from the body

73
Q

How much blood from the body does the heart contain?

74
Q

How much blood from the body do systemic arteries and arterioles contain?

75
Q

How much blood from the body do systemic capillaries contain?

76
Q

What forces at the capillaries determine how much fluid leaves the arterial and of the capillary and how much is reabsorbed at the venous end?

A

Starling forces (Hydrostatic and osmotic forces)

77
Q

What is the name of the force that describes filtration?

A

The hyrdostatic force

78
Q

What is the name of the force that describes reabsorption?

A

Osmotic forces

79
Q

What movement is being described here?

The movement of fluid and solutes from blood capillaries into the interstitial fluid.

A

Filtration

80
Q

What movement is being descsribed here?

The movement of fluid and solutes from the interstitial fluid back into the capillary.

A

Reabsorption

81
Q

What are the 2 pressures assosiated with filtration?

A
  1. Blood hydrostatic pressure (BHP)
    Interstitial fluid osmotic pressure (IFOP)
82
Q

What is the purpose of the IFOP?

A

Pulls fluid out of capillaries to intersitial fluid

83
Q

What is the interstitial fluid osmotic pressure in mmHg?

84
Q

What is the purpose of the blood hydrostaic pressure?

A

Pushes fluid out of capillaries to interstitial fluid

85
Q

What is the blood hydrostatic pressure at the arterial end in mmHg?

86
Q

What is the blood hydrostatic pressure at the venous end in mmHg?

87
Q

What 2 pressures promote reabsorption in the cappillaries?

A
  1. Blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP)
  2. Interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure (IFHP)
88
Q

What is the blood colloid osmotic presssure caused by?

A

Caused by large protiens in the blood

89
Q

What is the purpose of the blood colloid osmotic pressure?

A

It pulls fluid from interstitial spaces into capillaries pressure?

90
Q

What is the blood colloid osmotic pressure in mmHg?

91
Q

What is the purpose of interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure?

A

It pushes fluid from interstitial spaces back into the capillaries

92
Q

What is the interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure in mmHg?

93
Q

How do you calculate total net filtration pressure?

A

NFP=filtration-reabsorption
NFP=(BHP+IFOP)-(BCOP+IFHP)

94
Q

How do you calculate NET filtration pressure at the arterial end?

A

NFP=(35+1)-(26+0)
NFP=10

95
Q

How do you calculate NET filtration pressure at the venous end?

A

NFP=(16+1)-(26+0)
NFP=-9

96
Q

If the NET filtration pressure is negative what does this indicate?

A

Reabsorption is taking place

97
Q

If the NET filtration pressure is positive what does this indicate?

A

Filtration is taking place

98
Q

T/F

In the capillaries, normally there is nearly as much fluid rabsorbed as there is filtrered.

99
Q

How much fluid that is filtered from the capillary gets reabsorbed?

A

About 85% of fluid filtered is reabsorbed

100
Q

What happens to the other percentage of filtered fluid that is not reabsorbed?

A

The rest is in the lymphatic system

101
Q

How do you calculate cardiac output?

A

CO=SV x HR

102
Q

What is the average blood flow from each ventricle?

A

5L/min from each ventricle

103
Q

What is the distrubution of cardiac output to circulatory routes dependant on?

A

Dependant on Pressure and resisitance

104
Q

How do you calculate blood flow?

A

Blood flow=P/R

105
Q

What are the 3 factors that effect resistance?

A
  1. Diameter of lumen
  2. Viscosity of blood
  3. Lenth of blood vessel
106
Q

As the length of the vessel increases, will resistance increase or decrease?

107
Q

As the viscosity of the blood increases, will resistance increase or decrease?

108
Q

As the diameter of the lumen decreases, will resistance increase or decrease?

A

Resistance will increase

109
Q

What is this describing?

Hydrostatic fluid pushing against the wall of a vessel.

A

Blood pressure

110
Q

T/F

Blood travels from areas of high pressure to low pressure.

111
Q

Where is the lowest blood pressure in the body?

A

In the ventricles

112
Q

Where is the highest blood pressure in the body?

A

In the aorta and large systemic arteries

113
Q

What is blood pressure most dependant on?

A

Total blood volume

114
Q

What is a normal blood pressure?

115
Q

What pressure is this describing?

The highest pressure in the arteries during ventricular systole.

A

Systolic blood pressure (SBP)

116
Q

What pressure is this describing?

The lowest pressure in arteries at the end of ventricle diastole.

A

Diastolic blood pressure (DBP)

117
Q

What pressure is this describing?

Te average blood pressure in arteries?

A

The mean arterial pressure (MAP)

118
Q

What is the blood pressure in the aorta during systole?

119
Q

What is the blood pressure in the aorta during diastole?

120
Q

What is the blood pressure in arterioles as they pass into the capillaries?

121
Q

What is the blood pressure at the venous end of the capillaries?

122
Q

What is the blood pressure as blood enters the right ventricle?

123
Q

What are the 2 types of venous return?

A
  1. Skeleteal muscle pump
  2. Respiratory pump
124
Q

How does the skeletal muscle pump work?

A

Through contractions of leg muscles that compresss the veins, pushing blood through the valve

125
Q

On average, how many times does you heart beat in a year?

A

35 million times in a year

126
Q

How far does blood travel in one day in miles?

A

12000 miles

127
Q

How long does it take for a drop of blood to go from the right atrium and back?

128
Q

What are the hormonal controls of blood pressure?

A
  1. ANP
  2. ADH
  3. Epinephrine and norepinephrine
  4. Renin-angiotensin-aldostrone system
129
Q

What are the neural controls of blood pressure?

A
  1. Baroreceptors
  2. Chemoreceptors
130
Q

Where are baroreceptors located?

A

Loacted in aortic arch and internal carotid artery

131
Q

What is the function of barorecptors?

A

To sense changes in pressure

132
Q

What is the purpose f chemoreceptors?

A

To sense changes in chemical composition of blood

133
Q

Where are chemoreceptors located?

A

Located close to baroreceptors

134
Q

T/F

Superficial veins do not have muscle around them

135
Q

What does a DVT cause?

A

DVT causes a clot in the pulmonary artery which causes a pulmonary embolism

136
Q

How do you fix a DVT?

A

Put in an IVC filter to collect the clot

137
Q

How does the respiratory pump work?

A

-During inspiration, due to P and V change, veins in the abdomen compress, and force blood into the lower pressure veins in the thorax
-During expiration, the increased pressure in thoracic cavity forces blood from thoracic veins back to the heart.

Anatomy and Physiology 2 (12 decks)

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