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Anatomy and Physiology 2 > Muscular System > Flashcards

Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 functions of the musclular system?

A
  1. Motion
  2. Movement of subtances within the body
  3. Stabalizing body position
  4. Thermogenesis
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2
Q

What are the six ways that muscles are named?

A
  1. Direction fo muscle fibers
  2. Location
  3. Size
  4. Number of origins
  5. Action
  6. Origin and insertion
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3
Q

What is this describing?

Site that does not move during the contraction. Typically more proximal.

A

The origin

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4
Q

What is this describing?

The site that moves during the contraction. Typically more distal.

A

The insertion

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5
Q

What is this describing?

When muscles contract, they shorten and pull on a bone

A

The action

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6
Q

T/F

Most skeletal muscles are arranged in opposing or anatgonistic paris at joints.

A

True

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7
Q

What is the function of the prime mover?

A

Causes the desired movement

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8
Q

What is the function of the antagonist?

A

Causing opposing muscles to relax

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9
Q

What is the function of the synergist?

A

Steadies a movement

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10
Q

T/F

Muscles cross at least one joint.

A

True

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11
Q

T/F

Muscles that surround a short bone, do not typically move that bone.

A

False; Muscles that surround a long bone typically do not move that bone

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12
Q

What do the tendons connect?

A

Connect muscle to bones

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13
Q

What is it called when teared muscle fibers are repaired and get larger?

A

Hypertrophy

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14
Q

What do ligaments connect?

A

Connect bones to bones

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15
Q

T/F

Muscles pull the insertion towards the origin in the direction of the fibers.

A

True

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16
Q

What is the origin of the sternclenomastoid?

A

Manubrium and medial end of clavicle

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17
Q

What is the insertion of the sternocleidomastoid?

A

Mastroid process and superior nuchal line of occipital bone

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18
Q

What is the action of the sternocleidomastoid singularily?

A

Laterally flexes the muscle to the same side and rotates the nose to the opposite side

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19
Q

What is the action of the sternocleidomastoid when they work together?

A

They lift the chin (extend the neck)

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20
Q

Label 1-5

A
  1. Trapezius
  2. Latissimus dorsi
  3. Rhomboid major
  4. Levator scapulae
  5. Teres major
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21
Q

T/F

Teres major is a deep muscle

A

False; it is a superficial muscle

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22
Q

What is 1?

A

Trapezius

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23
Q

What is 2?

A

Lattisimus dorsi

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24
Q

What is the arrow pointing to?

A

Levator scapula

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25
Q

What are the arrows pointing to?

A

The Rhomboids – Major and Minor

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26
Q

What is the arrow pointing to?

A

Teres Major

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27
Q

What is the origin of the levator scapula?

A

Trasnverse process of C1-C4

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28
Q

What is insertion of the levator scapula?

A

Medial, superior border of the scapula

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29
Q

What is the origin of the rhomboids-major and minor?

A

Spine C7-T5

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30
Q

What is the insertion of the rhomboids major and minor?

A

Medial or vertebral border of scapula

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31
Q

What is the origin of the teres major?

A

Posterior scapula at the inferiro angle

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32
Q

What is the insertion of the Teres Major?

A

Medial part of the bicipital groove

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33
Q

What is the action of the teres major?

A

Internally rotate the shoulder

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34
Q

What is the insetion of the pectoralis major?

A

Greater tubercle

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35
Q

What are the specific superifical back muscles?

A
  1. Teres major
  2. Pectoralis major
  3. Deltoid
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36
Q

What is the insertion of the deltoid?

A

Deltoid tuberosity

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37
Q

What is the insertion of the pectoralis minor?

A

Coracoid process

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38
Q

What is the origin of the pectoralis minor?

A

Ribs 2-5

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39
Q

What is the origin of the serratus anterior?

A

Ribs 1-8

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40
Q

What is the insertion of the serratus anterior?

A

Medial border and inferior angle of scapula

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41
Q

What does serratus mean?

A

Saw toothed

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42
Q

What nerve is the serratus muscles innerated by?

A

The long thoracic nerve

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43
Q

What type of muscles act on the shoulder?

A

Superficial back muscles

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44
Q

What muscles extend the trunk and rotate the vertebral column?

A

Deep back muscles

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45
Q

What type of back muscles form the anterior wall of the abdomen and support the viscera?

A

Anterior trunk muscles

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46
Q

Where do superifical back muscles produce movement?

A

At the shoulder joint

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47
Q

What are the three deep back muscles?

A

The erector spinae muscles:
1. Iliocostalis
2. Longissimus
3. Spinalis

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48
Q

What is the largest muscle mass of the back?

A

The erector spinae

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49
Q

What is 1?

A

Illiocostalis

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50
Q

What is 1?

A

Longimuss

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51
Q

What is 1?

A

Spinalis

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52
Q

What direction does the erector spinae run?

A

Parellel to either side of the back

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53
Q

What is the primary muscle that is most important for maintaining the lumbar lordotic curve of the back?

A

The erector spinae

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54
Q

What is the action of the erector spinae?

A
  1. Flexion
  2. Lateral flexion
  3. Rotation

Of the back

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55
Q

Label A-C

A

A – Pectoralis Major
B – Deltoid
C – Pectoralis Minor

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56
Q

What is the action of the external intercoastals?

A

Elecate the ribs during inspiration (and expand the thorax)

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57
Q

What is the action of the internal intercoastals?

A

Draw the ribs together during forced expiration (Decreases the thoracic cavity)

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58
Q

What is the action of the diaphragm?

A

Contraction of the diaphragm causes it to flatten, increasing the dimension of the thoracic cavity resulting in inspiration

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59
Q

What are the 4 abdominal muscles?

A
  1. External oblique
  2. Internal oblique
  3. Transversus Abdominis
  4. Rectus abdominis
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60
Q

What does rectus mean?

A

Parrell to the midline

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61
Q

What does transverse mean?

A

Perpendicular to the midline

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62
Q

Label A-J

A

A – Serratus Anterior
B – Transversus Abdominis
C – Internal Oblique
D – External Oblique
E – Aponeurosis (means a tendon that is formed in a sheet)
F – Pectoralis Major
G – Linea Alba
H – Tendinous intersection
I – Rectus Abdominis
J – Inguinal ligament

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63
Q

What is the most important muscle for powering breathing?

A

The diaphragm

64
Q

What are the 3 openings in the diaphram?

A
  1. Aortic hiatus
  2. Esophogeal hiatus
  3. Caval hiatus
65
Q

What structure passes through the caval hiatus? What verebral level is this at?

A

-The IVC
-At T8

66
Q

What structure passes through the esophageal hiatus? What level?

A

-Esophagus and vagus nerve
-T10

67
Q

What structures pass through the aortic hiatus? What level?

A

-Aorta, thoracic duct, azygos vein
-T12

68
Q

What are the right and left rectus abdominus separated by?

A

The linea alba

69
Q

What is the origin of the suprapinatus?

A

Supraspinous fossa

70
Q

What is the origin of the teres minor?

A

Lateral border of the scapula

71
Q

What is the origin of the infraspinatus?

A

Infraspinous fossa

72
Q

What is the origin of the subscapularis?

A

Subscapular fossa

73
Q

What is the origin of the long head of the biceps brachii?

A

The superior part of the glenoid

74
Q

What is the origin of the short head of the biceps brachii?

A

The coracoid process

75
Q

What is the origin of the brachialis?

A

The distal anterior surface of the humerus

76
Q

What is the insertion of the supraspinatus?

A

The greater tuberosity

77
Q

What is the insertion of the infraspinatus?

A

The greater tuberosity

78
Q

What is the insertion of the teres minor?

A

The greater tuberosity

79
Q

What is the insertion of the subscapularis?

A

The lesser tuberosity

80
Q

What is the insertion of the Long head of the biceps brachii?

A

The radial tuberosity

81
Q

What is the insertion of the short head of the biceps brachii?

A

The radial tuberosity

82
Q

What is the insertion of the brachialis?

A

The ulnar tuberosity and coronoid process

83
Q

What is the insertion of the Brachioradialis?

A

Superior to radial styloid process

84
Q

What is the insertion of the long head of the triceps brachii?

A

Olecranon

85
Q

What is the insertion of the short head of the triceps brachii?

A

Olecranon

86
Q

What is the insertion of the medial head of the triceps brachii?

A

Olecranon

87
Q

T/F

All those muscles that insert posterior to the scapula have an origin of the greater tuberosity.

A

False; All those muscles that insert posterior to the scapula have an INSERTION of the greater tuberosity.

88
Q

What is the most powerful flexor of the elbow joint?

A

The brachialis

89
Q

What are the rotator cuff muscles?

A
  1. Supraspinatus
  2. Infraspinatus
  3. Teres minor
  4. Subscapularis
90
Q

What is the function of the rotator cuff muscles?

A

To strengthen and stabilize the shoulder

91
Q

What are the 3 forearm flexors?

A
  1. The long head of the biceps brachii
  2. The short head of the biceps brachii
  3. The brachalis
92
Q

What are the 3 forearm extensors?

A
  1. The long head of the triceps brachii
  2. The lateral head of hte biceps brachii
  3. The medial head of the triceps brachii
93
Q

Label 1-5

A
  1. Supraspinatus
  2. Subscapularis
  3. Supraspinatus
  4. Infraspinatus
  5. Teres minor
94
Q

What pathology is being shown here?
What does this result in?

A

-Torn supraspinatus mucle/tendon causing the humeral head to sit higher than normal
-Results in decreased range of motion

95
Q

Label 1-3

A
  1. Long head of the biceps brachii
  2. Short head of the biceps brachii
  3. Biceps brachii
96
Q

Label 1-2

A
  1. Brachialis
  2. Brachioradialis
97
Q

Label 1-3

A
  1. Triceps brachii medius
  2. Triceps brachii lateral
  3. Triceps brachii longus
98
Q

What is the function of the anterior compartment for the muscles of the forearm?

A
  1. flexes wrist and fingers
  2. pronation of forearm and hand
  3. ulnar (adduct) and radial (abduct) deviation
99
Q

Where do all superficial muscles of the forearm in the anterior compartment originate?

A

All originate from the medial epicondyle of the humerus

100
Q

Where do all superficial muscles of the forearm in the anterior compartment insert?

A

All insert on the carpals or metacarpals

101
Q

What is the term used with medial epicondylitis caused by overuse of the muscles on the anterior side of the forearm?

A

Golfer’s Elbow

102
Q

Where do all superficial muscles of the forearm in the posterior compartment originate

A

The lateral epicondyle of the humerus

103
Q

**Where do all superficial muscles of the forearm in the posterior compartment insert?

A

All insert on the carpals or metacarpals

104
Q

What is the term associated with lateral epicondylitis caused by overuse of the muscles on the posterior side of the forearm?

A

Tennis Elbow

105
Q

T/F

The posterior compartment of the forearm are the extensors of the hand and wrist.

A

True

106
Q

What makes up the Iliopsoas Muscle?

A

The Psoas Major and the Iliacus

107
Q

What is the action of the Iliopsoas Muscle?

A

Flexes, laterally rotates the hip

108
Q

What is the origin of the PSOAS major?

A

T12

109
Q

What is the insertion of the Psoas Major?

A

Lesser trochanter

110
Q

What is the insertion of the Iliacus?

A

Lesser trochanter

111
Q

What muscles make up the Quadriceps Femoris?

A
  1. Rectus Femoris
  2. Vastus Lateralis
  3. Vastus Medialis
  4. Vastus Intermedius
112
Q

Where do the Quadriceps Femoris insert?

A

Tibial tuberosity

113
Q

What is the action of the Sartorius?

A

Weakly flexes, abducts, and laterally rotates hip

114
Q

What is the origin of the Sartorius?

A

ASIS

115
Q

How do you demonstrate the sartorius?

A

45-degree RPO to dem. the side that is down

116
Q

Label 1-5

A
  1. Rectus femoris
  2. Vastus lateralis
  3. Vastus intermedius
  4. Sartorius
  5. Vastus medialis
117
Q

What pathology is being shown here? What body position is this in?

A

-Torn Sartorius muscle
-LPO

118
Q

What pathogy is being shown here?

A

Calcified muscle Myositis Ossificans

119
Q

What is the action of the Medial Thigh Muscles?

A

Adduct the leg

120
Q

What is the origin of the adductors of the medial thigh muscles?

A

Pubic Bone

121
Q

What is the insertion of the adductors of the medial thigh muscles?

A

Linea aspera

122
Q

What group do the Medial Thigh Muscles form?

A

The adductors

123
Q

What are the muscles of the Gluteal Group?

A

Maximus
Medius
Minimus

124
Q

What is the origin of the gluteal group muscles?

A

ilium

125
Q

What is the insertion of the gluteal group muscles?

A

iliotibial tract and greater trochanter

126
Q

Label 1-3

A
  1. Gluteus minimus
  2. Gluteus medius
  3. Gluteus maxiumus
127
Q

What are the muscles that make up the Hamstrings?

A

Biceps Femoris
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus

128
Q

What are the functions of the hamstrings?

A

Flexion at the knee joint
Extension at the hip joint

129
Q

T/F

The hamstrings cross both the hip and knee joints.

A

True

130
Q

What is the origin of the long head of the Biceps Femoris?

A

Ischial tuberosity

131
Q

What is the origin of the short head of the biceps femoris?

A

The Linea aspera

132
Q

What is the origin of the Semitendinosus?

A

Ischial tuberosity

133
Q

What is the origin of the Semimembranosus?

A

Ischial tuberosity

134
Q

What muscle group makes up the posterior thigh?

A

The Hamstrings

135
Q

Label 1-4

A
  1. Semitendinosis
  2. Biceps femoris; long head
  3. Semimembranosis
  4. Biceps femoris; short head
136
Q

Label 1-4

A
  1. Semitendinosis
  2. Semimembranosis
  3. Gluteus maximus
  4. Biceps femoris; short head
137
Q

What are the four muscles that dorsiflex the foot?

A

Tibialis Anterior
Extensor Hallucis Longus
Extensor Digitorum Longus
Fibularis (Peroneus) Tertius

138
Q

What action is the Anterior Compartment of Lower Leg responsible for?

A

Dorsiflexion of the foot

139
Q

What is the origin of the Tibialis Anterior?

A

Lateral condyle of tibia and interosseous membrane

140
Q

What is the insertion of the tibialis anterior?

A

Medial cuneiform and 1st metatarsal

141
Q

What is the action of the tibialis anterior?

A

Produces inversion AND dorsiflexion of the foot

142
Q

What muscle is this?

A

Tibialis anterior

143
Q

What is the action of the Extensor Hallucis Longus?

A

Extends big toe

144
Q

What is the action of the Extensor Digitorum Longus?

A

Extends toes 2 to 5

145
Q

What is 1 and 2?

A
  1. Extensor Hallucis Longus
  2. Extensor Digitorum Longus
146
Q

What muscles are part of the Lateral (Fibular) Compartment of Lower Leg?

A

Fibularis (Peroneus) Longus
Fibularis (Peroneus) Brevis

147
Q

What are the Lateral (Fibular) Compartment of Lower Leg muscles responsible for?

A

Responsible for plantar flexion and eversion

148
Q

Label 1&2

A
  1. Fibularis longus
  2. Fibularis brevis
149
Q

Label 1-4

A
  1. Tibialis posterior
  2. Popliteus
  3. Flexor digatorum longus
  4. Flexor hallucis longus
150
Q

What are the superficial muscles of the posterior lower leg?

A
  1. Gastrocnemius
  2. Soleus
151
Q

What do the superficial muscles of the posterior lower leg join to form?

A

The Achilles tendon

152
Q

What is the fabella and where is it found?

A

Sesamoid bone in the lateral head of the gastrocnemius muscle

153
Q

Label 1 and 2

A
  1. Gastronemius
  2. Soleus
154
Q

What are the four deep muscles of the posterior lower leg?

A

Popliteus (flexes knee only)
Tibialis Posterior
Flexor Digitorum Longus
Flexor Hallucis Longus

155
Q

What is the function of the Posterior Compartment of Lower Leg?

A

Posterior muscles plantar flex the foot at the ankle joint

Anatomy and Physiology 2 (12 decks)

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