Lymphatic System Flashcards
What are the 3 functions of the lyphatic system?
- Drain excess interstitial fluid
- Transport diatary lipids
- Carry out immune responses
How does the lymphatic system carry out immune responses?
By producing an ddirecting lymphocytes
What are the various types of transports of the lymphatic system?
- Lymphatic capillaries
- Lymphatic vessels
- Lymphatic trunks
- Lymphatic ducts
What percentage of fluid is reabsorbed back into the blood?
85%
Where does the other 15% of fluid that was not reabsorbed go?
Goes into the lymphatic vessels and ultimately into the bloodstream
T/F
Lymphatic capillaries have greater permeability than blood capillaries.
True
Which capillaries are smaller in diameter; blood capillaries or lymphatic capillaries
Blood capillaries
T/F
Lymphatic capillaries are closed on both ends.
False; lymphatic capillaries are closed at one end
T/F
Lymphatic capillaries only allow fluid to come in, but not out.
True
What type of filaments are attached to the lymphatic capillaries?
Anchoring filaments attach to lymphatic capillaries that attach to the surrounding tissues
What are lacteals?
Specialized lymphatic capillaries in the small intestine
Label 1-3
- Lymph
- Endothelium of lymphatic capillary
- Anchoring filament
What is number one showing?
A lacteal
What do lymphatic capllaries unite to form?
The unite to form lymphatic vessels
T/F
Lymphatic vessels resemble small veins.
True
T/F
Lymphatic vessles have more valves and thinner walls than veins.
True
What structures are located along the vessels?
Lymph nodes
T/F
In the viscera, lymphatic vessles follow the same route as the arteries.
True
T/F
In the skin, lymphatic vessels follow the same route as veins.
True
What are the 5 lymphatic trunks of the body?
- Lumbar (2)
- Intestinal (1)
- Bronchomediastinal (2)
- Subclavian (2)
- Jugular (2)
Where does lymph travel from in the lumbar tunks?
- Lower limbs
- Pelvis
- Kidneys
- Adrenal glands
- Abdominal wall
T/F
The intestinal trunk is the only lymphatic trunk that is unpaired.
True
Where does lymph travel from in the intestinal trunk?
Stomach, spleen, intestines, pancreas, liver
Where does lymph travel from in the bronchomediastinal trunks?
Thoracic wall, lungs, heart
Where does lymph travel from in the subclavian trunks?
Upper limbs
Where does lymph travel from in the jugular tunks?
Head and neck
T/F
The femoral trunk of the lymphatic system is a good area for acessing the lymphatic vessels of the body.
False; there is no femoral trunk in the body
Label 1-2
- Right lumbar trunk
- Left lumbar trunk
What are the 2 ducts that the lymphatic trunks drain into?
- Thoracic duct
- Right lymphatic duct
What trunks drain into the thoracic duct?
- R and L lumbar trunk
- L subclavian
- Intestinal
- L bronchomediastinal
Label 1-2
- Area drained by right lymphatic duct
- Area drained by thoracic duct
How long is the thoracic duct?
15-18 inches long (38-45 cm)
Where does the thoracic duct drain lymph into?
Drains into venous blood at the function of the left internal jugular and subclavian veins
What is another name for the thoracic duct?
Cisterna Chyli
Where does the thoracic duct begin in relation to a vertebral level?
Anterior to L2
How long is the right lymphatic duct?
0.5 inches long
Where does the right lymphatic duct recieve lymph from?
- Right jugular
- Right subclavian
- Right bronchomediastinal trunks
Where does the right lymphatic trunk drain lymph into?
Drains into venous blood at the junction of the right internal jugular and subclavian veins
Label 1-6
- Right internal jugular vein
- Right lymphatic duct
- SVC
- Left internal jugular vein
- Left subclavian trunk
- Left brachiocephalic vein
Label 1-6
- Right jugular trunk
- Right brachiocephalic vein
- Right bronchomediastinal trunk
- Left jugular trunk
- Left subclavian vein
- Left bronchomediastinal trunk
What is the return of lymph aided by?
- Skeletal muscle pump
- Respiratory pump
- Valves
What is the way that the lymphatic organs are divided?
By function
T/F
The flow of lymph is adided by the heart.
False; the heart does not assist in the flow of lymph
What are the 2 types of lymphatic organs?
- Primary lymphatic organs
- Secondary lymphatic organs
What are 2 examples of primary lymphatic organs?
- Thymus
- Red bone marrow
In primary lymphatic organs, are stem cells able to divide and provide an immune response?
Yes
What bones produce red bone marrow?
- Trabecular bone
- Bone at the proximal end of femur and humerous
- Spine
- Dipole
Where are B and pre-T lymphocytes formed?
In the red bone marrow
Where are the T lymphocytes located prior to becoming immunocompetent?
In the thymus
Where is the thymus located?
Between the sternum and aorta
T/F
The thymus has both endocrine and lymphatic functions.
True
When is the thymus most activated in the body?
In neonates and pre-adolescents
Label 1
Thymus
What is being shown here?
The thymus on an infant. This is normal that the thymus is large.
In what catagory of organs do most immune responses occur?
In secondary lymphatic organs/tissues
What type of structures are considered to be secondary lymphatic organs/tissues?
- Lymph nodes
- Spleen
- LYmphatic nodules or follicles
Approx. how many lymph nodes are in the human body?
600
What is the main function of the lymph nodes?
To act as a filter
What is the main function of the lymphocytes?
Destroy foreign bodies by immune response
What is the main function of macrophages?
To trap and destroy foriegn bodies
What are the 6 types of lymph nodes in the body?
- Cervical
- Axillary
- Thoracic
- Abdominal
- Pelvic
- Inguinal
Where are the largest groups of lymph nodes located in the body?
Mammary area, axillary and groin areas
What is the single largest mass of lymphatic tissue in the body?
The spleen
What does the spleen store?
- Iron from recycled RBCs
- Plateletes (1/3 of bodies supply)
What is the most important function of the spleen?
Initiates an immune response by B and T cells
What organ produces blood cells in a fetus?
The spleen
T/F
The spleen removes an abnormal blood cells.
True
What process gets rid of abnormal blood cells in the spleen?
Phagocytosis
Where is the spleen located?
On the left side of the body, posterolateral to the stomach
What is outlined in red?
The spleen
T/F
Lymphatic nodules are considered to be lymphatic tissue.
True
What does MALT stand for?
Mucosa associated lymphatic tissue
Where is MALT located within the body?
-In mucosa associated lymphatic tissue (mucous membranes of GI, urinary, reproductive tracts and respiratory airways)
What are the 3 MALT tonsils?
- Palintine tonsils
- Pharyngeal tonsil
- Lingual tonsil
What type of tissue are the peyers patches?
MALT
What are the two forms of immunity that the body has?
- Innate immunity
- Adaptive immunity
T/F
Innate imunity is non specific.
True
What is the first line of defense for the innate immune response?
Intact skin and muscus membranes
What is the second line of defence for the innate immune system?
Activates:
1. NKC
2. Phagocytes
3. Inflammation
4. Fever
What percentage does natural killer cells make up of lymphocytes?
5-10% of lymphocytes
Where are NKC produced?
- RBM
- Spleen
- Lymph nodes
What do NKC kill?
- Infected cells
- Tumour cells
- Viruses
- Abnormal cells
T/F
NKC do not need prior exposure or activation to kill infected cells.
True
What are the 2 types of phagocytes?
- Neutrophils
- Macrophages
What are the 3 functions of the phagocytes?
Ingest microbes or cellular debris that produces pus
What reaction are phagocytes mostly responsible for?
Most inflammatory reactions
Define inflammation:
Non-specific response to tissue damage
What are the signs of inflammation?
- Pain
- Redness
- Immobility
- Heat
- Swelling
What is a fever a result of?
Infection or inflammation
Where are B lymphocytes produced?
In the bone marrow
What do the B lymphocytes produce?
-Antiboides in response to specific antigens
-Memory cells to remember that specific antigen
Where do T lymphocytes mature?
In the thymus
Where are precurser T lymphocytes produced?
Precursor cells produced in the bone marrow
What do the T lymphocytes produce?
- Helper T cell (CD4 T cell)
- Cytotoxic T cell (CD8 T cell)
- Memory cells
What is the function of the T cells?
Kill infected cells, tumour cells, viruses or abnormal cells
Anything foreign that is recognized is called what?
An antigen
What lymphocytes are part of adaptive immunity?
B and T lymphocytes
T/F
Vaccinations are a way to acquire adaptive immunity.
True
