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Anatomy and Physiology 2 > Lymphatic System > Flashcards

Lymphatic System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 functions of the lyphatic system?

A
  1. Drain excess interstitial fluid
  2. Transport diatary lipids
  3. Carry out immune responses
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2
Q

How does the lymphatic system carry out immune responses?

A

By producing an ddirecting lymphocytes

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3
Q

What are the various types of transports of the lymphatic system?

A
  1. Lymphatic capillaries
  2. Lymphatic vessels
  3. Lymphatic trunks
  4. Lymphatic ducts
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4
Q

What percentage of fluid is reabsorbed back into the blood?

A

85%

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5
Q

Where does the other 15% of fluid that was not reabsorbed go?

A

Goes into the lymphatic vessels and ultimately into the bloodstream

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6
Q

T/F

Lymphatic capillaries have greater permeability than blood capillaries.

A

True

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7
Q

Which capillaries are smaller in diameter; blood capillaries or lymphatic capillaries

A

Blood capillaries

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8
Q

T/F

Lymphatic capillaries are closed on both ends.

A

False; lymphatic capillaries are closed at one end

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9
Q

T/F

Lymphatic capillaries only allow fluid to come in, but not out.

A

True

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10
Q

What type of filaments are attached to the lymphatic capillaries?

A

Anchoring filaments attach to lymphatic capillaries that attach to the surrounding tissues

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11
Q

What are lacteals?

A

Specialized lymphatic capillaries in the small intestine

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12
Q

Label 1-3

A
  1. Lymph
  2. Endothelium of lymphatic capillary
  3. Anchoring filament
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13
Q

What is number one showing?

A

A lacteal

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14
Q

What do lymphatic capllaries unite to form?

A

The unite to form lymphatic vessels

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15
Q

T/F

Lymphatic vessels resemble small veins.

A

True

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16
Q

T/F

Lymphatic vessles have more valves and thinner walls than veins.

A

True

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17
Q

What structures are located along the vessels?

A

Lymph nodes

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18
Q

T/F

In the viscera, lymphatic vessles follow the same route as the arteries.

A

True

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19
Q

T/F

In the skin, lymphatic vessels follow the same route as veins.

A

True

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20
Q

What are the 5 lymphatic trunks of the body?

A
  1. Lumbar (2)
  2. Intestinal (1)
  3. Bronchomediastinal (2)
  4. Subclavian (2)
  5. Jugular (2)
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21
Q

Where does lymph travel from in the lumbar tunks?

A
  1. Lower limbs
  2. Pelvis
  3. Kidneys
  4. Adrenal glands
  5. Abdominal wall
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22
Q

T/F

The intestinal trunk is the only lymphatic trunk that is unpaired.

A

True

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23
Q

Where does lymph travel from in the intestinal trunk?

A

Stomach, spleen, intestines, pancreas, liver

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24
Q

Where does lymph travel from in the bronchomediastinal trunks?

A

Thoracic wall, lungs, heart

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25
Q

Where does lymph travel from in the subclavian trunks?

A

Upper limbs

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26
Q

Where does lymph travel from in the jugular tunks?

A

Head and neck

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27
Q

T/F

The femoral trunk of the lymphatic system is a good area for acessing the lymphatic vessels of the body.

A

False; there is no femoral trunk in the body

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28
Q

Label 1-2

A
  1. Right lumbar trunk
  2. Left lumbar trunk
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29
Q

What are the 2 ducts that the lymphatic trunks drain into?

A
  1. Thoracic duct
  2. Right lymphatic duct
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30
Q

What trunks drain into the thoracic duct?

A
  1. R and L lumbar trunk
  2. L subclavian
  3. Intestinal
  4. L bronchomediastinal
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31
Q

Label 1-2

A
  1. Area drained by right lymphatic duct
  2. Area drained by thoracic duct
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32
Q

How long is the thoracic duct?

A

15-18 inches long (38-45 cm)

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33
Q

Where does the thoracic duct drain lymph into?

A

Drains into venous blood at the function of the left internal jugular and subclavian veins

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34
Q

What is another name for the thoracic duct?

A

Cisterna Chyli

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35
Q

Where does the thoracic duct begin in relation to a vertebral level?

A

Anterior to L2

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36
Q

How long is the right lymphatic duct?

A

0.5 inches long

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37
Q

Where does the right lymphatic duct recieve lymph from?

A
  1. Right jugular
  2. Right subclavian
  3. Right bronchomediastinal trunks
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38
Q

Where does the right lymphatic trunk drain lymph into?

A

Drains into venous blood at the junction of the right internal jugular and subclavian veins

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39
Q

Label 1-6

A
  1. Right internal jugular vein
  2. Right lymphatic duct
  3. SVC
  4. Left internal jugular vein
  5. Left subclavian trunk
  6. Left brachiocephalic vein
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40
Q

Label 1-6

A
  1. Right jugular trunk
  2. Right brachiocephalic vein
  3. Right bronchomediastinal trunk
  4. Left jugular trunk
  5. Left subclavian vein
  6. Left bronchomediastinal trunk
41
Q

What is the return of lymph aided by?

A
  1. Skeletal muscle pump
  2. Respiratory pump
  3. Valves
42
Q

What is the way that the lymphatic organs are divided?

A

By function

43
Q

T/F

The flow of lymph is adided by the heart.

A

False; the heart does not assist in the flow of lymph

44
Q

What are the 2 types of lymphatic organs?

A
  1. Primary lymphatic organs
  2. Secondary lymphatic organs
45
Q

What are 2 examples of primary lymphatic organs?

A
  1. Thymus
  2. Red bone marrow
46
Q

In primary lymphatic organs, are stem cells able to divide and provide an immune response?

A

Yes

47
Q

What bones produce red bone marrow?

A
  1. Trabecular bone
  2. Bone at the proximal end of femur and humerous
  3. Spine
  4. Dipole
48
Q

Where are B and pre-T lymphocytes formed?

A

In the red bone marrow

49
Q

Where are the T lymphocytes located prior to becoming immunocompetent?

A

In the thymus

50
Q

Where is the thymus located?

A

Between the sternum and aorta

51
Q

T/F

The thymus has both endocrine and lymphatic functions.

A

True

52
Q

When is the thymus most activated in the body?

A

In neonates and pre-adolescents

53
Q

Label 1

A

Thymus

54
Q

What is being shown here?

A

The thymus on an infant. This is normal that the thymus is large.

55
Q

In what catagory of organs do most immune responses occur?

A

In secondary lymphatic organs/tissues

56
Q

What type of structures are considered to be secondary lymphatic organs/tissues?

A
  1. Lymph nodes
  2. Spleen
  3. LYmphatic nodules or follicles
57
Q

Approx. how many lymph nodes are in the human body?

A

600

58
Q

What is the main function of the lymph nodes?

A

To act as a filter

59
Q

What is the main function of the lymphocytes?

A

Destroy foreign bodies by immune response

60
Q

What is the main function of macrophages?

A

To trap and destroy foriegn bodies

61
Q

What are the 6 types of lymph nodes in the body?

A
  1. Cervical
  2. Axillary
  3. Thoracic
  4. Abdominal
  5. Pelvic
  6. Inguinal
62
Q

Where are the largest groups of lymph nodes located in the body?

A

Mammary area, axillary and groin areas

63
Q

What is the single largest mass of lymphatic tissue in the body?

A

The spleen

64
Q

What does the spleen store?

A
  1. Iron from recycled RBCs
  2. Plateletes (1/3 of bodies supply)
65
Q

What is the most important function of the spleen?

A

Initiates an immune response by B and T cells

66
Q

What organ produces blood cells in a fetus?

A

The spleen

67
Q

T/F

The spleen removes an abnormal blood cells.

A

True

68
Q

What process gets rid of abnormal blood cells in the spleen?

A

Phagocytosis

69
Q

Where is the spleen located?

A

On the left side of the body, posterolateral to the stomach

70
Q

What is outlined in red?

A

The spleen

71
Q

T/F

Lymphatic nodules are considered to be lymphatic tissue.

A

True

72
Q

What does MALT stand for?

A

Mucosa associated lymphatic tissue

73
Q

Where is MALT located within the body?

A

-In mucosa associated lymphatic tissue (mucous membranes of GI, urinary, reproductive tracts and respiratory airways)

74
Q

What are the 3 MALT tonsils?

A
  1. Palintine tonsils
  2. Pharyngeal tonsil
  3. Lingual tonsil
75
Q

What type of tissue are the peyers patches?

A

MALT

76
Q

What are the two forms of immunity that the body has?

A
  1. Innate immunity
  2. Adaptive immunity
77
Q

T/F

Innate imunity is non specific.

A

True

78
Q

What is the first line of defense for the innate immune response?

A

Intact skin and muscus membranes

79
Q

What is the second line of defence for the innate immune system?

A

Activates:
1. NKC
2. Phagocytes
3. Inflammation
4. Fever

80
Q

What percentage does natural killer cells make up of lymphocytes?

A

5-10% of lymphocytes

81
Q

Where are NKC produced?

A
  1. RBM
  2. Spleen
  3. Lymph nodes
82
Q

What do NKC kill?

A
  1. Infected cells
  2. Tumour cells
  3. Viruses
  4. Abnormal cells
83
Q

T/F

NKC do not need prior exposure or activation to kill infected cells.

A

True

84
Q

What are the 2 types of phagocytes?

A
  1. Neutrophils
  2. Macrophages
85
Q

What are the 3 functions of the phagocytes?

A

Ingest microbes or cellular debris that produces pus

86
Q

What reaction are phagocytes mostly responsible for?

A

Most inflammatory reactions

87
Q

Define inflammation:

A

Non-specific response to tissue damage

88
Q

What are the signs of inflammation?

A
  1. Pain
  2. Redness
  3. Immobility
  4. Heat
  5. Swelling
89
Q

What is a fever a result of?

A

Infection or inflammation

90
Q

Where are B lymphocytes produced?

A

In the bone marrow

91
Q

What do the B lymphocytes produce?

A

-Antiboides in response to specific antigens
-Memory cells to remember that specific antigen

92
Q

Where do T lymphocytes mature?

A

In the thymus

93
Q

Where are precurser T lymphocytes produced?

A

Precursor cells produced in the bone marrow

94
Q

What do the T lymphocytes produce?

A
  1. Helper T cell (CD4 T cell)
  2. Cytotoxic T cell (CD8 T cell)
  3. Memory cells
95
Q

What is the function of the T cells?

A

Kill infected cells, tumour cells, viruses or abnormal cells

96
Q

Anything foreign that is recognized is called what?

A

An antigen

97
Q

What lymphocytes are part of adaptive immunity?

A

B and T lymphocytes

98
Q

T/F

Vaccinations are a way to acquire adaptive immunity.

A

True

Anatomy and Physiology 2 (12 decks)

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