Nervous System Anatomy Flashcards
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Function of nervous system
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Coordinates and controls body, Receives sensory input, makes decisions, and orders body responses
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Organs of nervous system
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Brain, spinal cord, nerves
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Central nervous system
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Brain and spinal cord. Receives impulses from all over the body, processes info in responds. Consists of both gray and white matter
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Peripheral nervous system
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12 pairs of Cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves.
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Neurons
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a type of nervous tissue. Nerve cells capable of conducting electrical impulse. I have three basic parts: Dendrites, nerve cell body, and Axon
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Dendrites
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Highly branched projections that receipt impulses
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Nerve cell body
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Contains a nucleus and organelles
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Axon
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Conducts electrical impulse to designation
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Synapse
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Point where one axon of one neuron meets dendrite of the second neuron
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Synaptic cleft
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Gap between two neurons in a synapse. Electrical impulse cannot cross
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Neurotransmitter
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Chemical released by axon that crosses gap to stimulate dendrite of second neuron
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Neuroglial cells
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Variety of cells found a nervous tissue that have different support functions for neurons. Some produce myelin. Do not conduct electrical impulses
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Myelin
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Fatty substance that acts as insulation for many axons
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Tracts
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Bundles of nerve fibers interconnecting different parts of CNS
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Gray matter
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Comprised of unsheathed or uncovered cell bodies and dendrites
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White matter
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Myelinated nerve fibers
17
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Brain
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One of the largest organ in the body. Is the center for thoughts, memory, judgment, and emotions. Four sections include cerebellum, cerebrum, brainstem, and diencephalon
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Cerebrum
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Largest and upper section of brain. Processes thoughts, judgment, memory, association skills, and ability to discriminate between items. Composed into two cerebral hemispheres. Each hemisphere has four lobes
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Cerebral cortex
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Outer layer of the cerebrum Composed of folds of gray matter
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Gyri
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Elevated portions of the cerebrum, or convolutions
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Sulci
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Fissures or valleys between gyri
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Frontal lobe
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Most anterior lobe of the cerebrum. Controls motor function, personality, and speech
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Parietal lobe
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Most superior portion of the cerebral. Receives and interprets nerve impulses and language
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Occipital lobe
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Most posterior part of cerebral. Control vision
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Temporal lobe
Left and right lateral portion of cerebrum. Controls hearing and smell
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Diencephalon
Located below cerebrum. Contains thalamus and hypothalamus
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Thalamus
Center for relaying impulses from the eyes, ears, and skin to cerebrum. Controls perception of pain
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Hypothalamus
Controls body temp, appetite, sleep, emotions, and sexual desire. Also controls autonomic nervous system, cardiovascular and gastrointestinal system, and release of hormones from pituitary gland
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Cerebellum
Second largest portion of the brain beneath posterior part of cerebrum. Aids in coordinating voluntary Movement, maintaining balance, and refines muscular movements
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Brain stem
Has three components: midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata
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Midbrain
Part of brain stem that acts as a pathway for impulses between brain and spinal cord
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Pons
Means bridge, connect cerebellum To rest of the brain
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Medulla oblongata
Most inferior portion of the brain that connects brain to the spinal cord
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Brain ventricles
Cavities containing cerebrospinal fluid. Located one in each cerebral hemisphere, one in thalamus, and one in front of cerebellum
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Cerebrospinal fluid
Clear watery fluid that provides shot protection for CNS
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Spinal cord
Extends from medulla oblongata to second lumbar vertebra. Protected by cerebrospinal fluid that flows through central canal down through spinal cord. Outer portion of spinal cord is myelinated white matter
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Vertebral column
33 vertebrae of back bone that forms a canal for the spinal cord. Also called spinal cavity or vertebral canal
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Ascending tracts
Part of spinal cord that carries sensory information up to brain
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Descending tracts
Carries motor commands down from brain to peripheral nerve
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Meninges
A protective membrane sac that in cases entire CNS. Consists of Dura Mater, arachnoid layer, and pia Mater
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Dura Mater
Means tough mother. Outer most, tough, fibrous sac around CNS
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Subdural space
Empty space between dura mater and arachnoid layer
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Arachnoid layer
Mean spider like. Thin, Delicate layer attached to Pia mater by web like filaments
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Subarachnoid space
Between arachnoid layer and Pia mater. Contains cerebrospinal fluid
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Pia Mater
Mean soft mother. Your most membrane layer applied directly to surface of brain
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Cranial nerves
Arise from brain
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Spinal nerves
Put off from spinal cord. One pair (left and right) Exit between each pair of vertebrae
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Nerve
Bundle of axons fibers located outside CNS. Carries messages between CNS and various parts of body
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Nerve root
Point where nerve is attached to CNS
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Olfactory cranial nerve
I. Sense of smell
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Optic nerve
II. Sense of sight
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Oculomotor nerve
III. Controls eye muscles and pupil of eye
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Trochlear nerve
IV. Controls oblique muscles of eye
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Trigeminal
V. Facial sensation and controls muscles for chewing
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Abducens
VI. Controls eyeball muscles to turn eye to side
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Facial nerve
VII. Controls facial muscles for expression, celebrations, and taste on anterior tongue
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vestibulocochlear
VIII. Sense of equilibrium and hearing
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Glossopharyngeal
IX. Sensation from pharynx and taste on 1/3 of tongue
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Vagus nerve
X. Supplies most organs in abdominal and thoracic cavities
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Accessory nerve
XI. Controls and neck and shoulder muscles
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Hypoglossal nerve
XII. Controls tongue muscles
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Afferent neurons
Also called sensory neurons. CarrieS sensory information from sensory receptors to CNS
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efferent neurons
Also called motor neurons, Carries activity instructions from CNS to muscles or glands
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Autonomic nervous system
Controls involuntary bottle he functions Such as blood vessels, cardiac muscles, and glands. Divided into two branches: sympathetic and parasympathetic
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Sympathetic branch
Stimulates body in times of stress and crisis. Increases heart rate, dilate airways, increases blood pressure, inhibits digestion, and stimulates production of adrenaline
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Parasympathetic branch
Serves as a counterbalance for sympathetic nerves. Heart rate slows, blood pressure lowers, and stimulates digestion
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Somatic nerves
Mainly involved with conscious activities of the body. Service again and skeletal muscles. Carries information from sensory receptors of skin such as touch, temperature, pressure, and pain and Carries motor commands to skeletal system
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Cerebellar
Pertaining to cerebellum
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Cerebral
Pertaining to cerebrum
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Cerebrospinal
Pertaining to cerebrum and spine
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Cranial
Pertaining to the skull
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Encephalic
Pertaining to the brain
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Intracranial
Pertaining to within the skull
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Medullary
Pertaining to medulla oblongata
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Meningeal
Pertaining to the meninges
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Myelonic
Pertaining to the spinal cord
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Neural
Pertaining to nerves
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Neuroglial
Pertaining to glial cells
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Pontine
Pertaining to the pons
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Spinal
Pertaining to the spine
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Subdural
Pertaining to under the Dura Mater
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Thalmic
Pertaining to Thalamus
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Ventricular
Pertaining to the ventricles
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Vertebral
Pertaining to the vertebrae
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Anesthesiology
Branch of medicine specializing in anesthesia including surgical procedures, recess a Tatian, and management of pain
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Neurology
Branch of medicine treating conditions of the nervous system
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Neurosurgery
Branch of medicine treating nervous system by surgical means
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Absence seizure
Epileptic seizure characterized by loss of awareness and absence of activity; formerly called petit mal
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Analgesia
Absence of pain
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Anesthesia
Lack of feeling or sensation
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Aphasia
Inability to communicate verbally or in writing
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Ataxia
Lack of muscle coordination
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Aura
Sensations occurring prior to epileptic seizure or migraines; such as seeing colors
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Cephalgia
A headache
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Coma
State of profound unconsciousness
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Conscious
Awake and aware of surroundings
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Convulsion
Alternating between strong involuntary muscle contractions and relaxions
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Delirium
Confusion, disorientation, and agitation
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Dementia
Impaired intellectual function
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Dysphasia
Difficulty communicating verbally or in writing
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Focal seizure
Seizure in only one limb or body part
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Hemiparesis
Weakness on one side of the body
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Hemiplegia
Paralysis on one side of the body
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Hyperesthesia
abnormally heightened sense of feeling, pain, or touch
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Monoparesis
Muscle weakness in a single limb
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Monoplegia
Paralysis of one limb
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Neuralgia
Nerve pain
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Palsy
Loss of ability to control movement
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Paralysis
Temporary or permanent loss of voluntary movement
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Paraplegia
Paralysis of lower portion of the body
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Paresthesia
Abnormal sensations such as burning or tingling
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Quadriplegia
Paralysis of all four limbs
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Seizure
Sudden, uncontrollable onset of symptoms; such as an epileptic seizure
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Semiconscious
Aware of surroundings only part of the time
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Syncope
Painting
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Tonic clonic seizure
Epileptic seizure was strong muscle spasms; formally called grand mal
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Tremor
Involuntary repetitive alternating movements
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Unconscious
Unaware of surroundings; unable to respond to stimuli
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Alzheimer’s disease
Disorder characterized by progressive dementia, this orientation, apathy, and loss of memory
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Astrocytoma
Malignant tumor originating in astrocytes, a neuroglial cell
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Cerebellitis
Inflammation of cerebellum
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Cerebral aneurysm
Ballooning of cerebral artery; make a stroke
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Cerebral contusion
Bruising of brain from impact; symptoms last longer than 24 hours; include unconsciousness, dizziness, vomiting, and unequal pupils
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Cerebral palsy
Brain damage results from defect, trauma, or oxygen deprivation at time of birth
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Cerebrovascular accident
Infarct due to loss of blood supply to the brain; maybe due to hemorrhage, thrombus, embolus, or compression; a stroke
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Concussion
Mild traumatic brain injury from impact
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Encephalitis
Inflammation of brain
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Epilepsy
Seizures and loss of consciousness caused by uncontrolled electrical activity of brain
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Hydrocephalus
Accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within brain ventricles
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Migraine
Specific type of headache was severe pain, light sensitivity, dizziness, and nausea
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Parkinson’s disease
Chronic disorder of brain with tremors, weakness, muscle ridgity, and shuffling gait
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Reyes syndrome
Acute encephalopathy and organ damage; follows a viral infection and associated with taking aspirin
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Transient ischemic attack
Temporary interference with blood supply to brain; may lead to a CVA
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Traumatic brain injury
Damage to the brain resulting from impact,blast waves, or a penetrating projectile
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Amyotropic lateral sclerosis
Do generation of motor neurons of spinal cord; also called Lou Gherig’s disease
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Meningocele
Protrusion of meninges Sack through opening left by spina bifida defect
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Myelitis
Inflammation of the spinal cord
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Myelomeningocele
Protrusion of meninges And spinal cord through opening left by spina bifida defect
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Poliomyelitis
Viral infection affecting spinal cord; Process may be mild and temporary or severe and permanent
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Spina bifida
Congenital defect where lamina of vertebra do not meet or close to form spinal canal
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Spinal cord injury
Damage to spinal cord due to trauma; permanent or not
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Bell’s palsy
One-sided face or paralysis due to inflammation of facial nerve caused by viruses
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Gillion-barrè syndrome
Temporary loss of Mylan sheath; maybe autoimmune; starts in legs and progresses up nervous system
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Multiple sclerosis
Loss of myelin sheath; results and weakness and numbness
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Myasthenia gravis
Muscular weakness and fatigue due to insufficient neurotransmitter at synapses
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Neuroma
Tumor of nerve or sheath around a nerve
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Neuropathy
General term for disease or damage to a nerve
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Polyneuritis
Inflammation of two or more nerves
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Radiculitis
Inflammation of a nerve root
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Radiculopathy
Condition caused by herniated disc putting pressure on a nerve root
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Shingles
Erruption of painful blisters on body along a nerve path; caused by herpes zoster virus
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Epidural hematoma
Mass of blood in space outside dura mater
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Meningoma
Tumor in the meninges
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Meningitis
Inflammation of the meninges
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Subdural hematoma
Mass of blood forming inside subdural space; due to a torn meningeal blood vessel; space occupying lesion
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Cerebrospinal fluid analysis
Examination of CSF; may detect infection and blood in the fluid
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Brain scan
Image of brain after injection of radioactive isotopes into bloodstream
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Cerebral angiography
X-ray of cerebral blood vessels after injecting radiopaque dye
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Echoencephalography
Ultrasound image of brain
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Myelogram
X-ray record of spinal cord
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Myelography
X-ray of spinal cord after injection of radiopaque dye into spinal canal
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Positron emission tomography
Use of positive radionuclides to construct an image of the brain; image of the old metabolic activity of the brain areas
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Babinski’s reflex
Reflex test that reveals nervous system lesions; performed by stroking sole of foot
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Electroencephalogram
Hardcopy record of brains electrical activity
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Electroencephalography
Records the electrical activity of the brain
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Lumbar puncture
Puncture to remove CSF for examination
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Nerve conduction velocity
Measures speed at which an impulse travels along a nerve; reveals nerve damage
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Nerve block
Anesthetic injection into nerve area to block nerve impulses on that nerve; used to treat chronic pain
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Carotid endarterectomy
Remove blockage of major artery in the neck that carries blood to brain by removing inner lining of the artery
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Cerebrospinal fluid shunts
Shunt carries CSF from ventricle to abdominal cavity; treat hydrocephalus
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Laminectomy
Remove part of the vertebra; relieves pressure on spinal nerve
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Neurectomy
Surgical removal of a nerve
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Neuroplasty
Surgical repair of a nerve
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Neurorrhaphy
Suture back together the connective tissue of a nerve
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Tractotomy
Surgical cut of nerve tract; treats severe chronic pain
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Analgesic
Treat minor to moderate pain; non narcotic
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Anesthetic
Produces loss of sensation or consciousness
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Anticonvulsant
Reduces nerve excitability to prevent seizures
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Dopaminergic drugs
Treat Parkinson’s disease
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Hypnotic
Promote sleep
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Narcotic analgesic
Treat severe pain
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Sedative
Calming or relaxing effect
