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Med term > Nervous System Anatomy > Flashcards

Nervous System Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Function of nervous system

A

Coordinates and controls body, Receives sensory input, makes decisions, and orders body responses

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2
Q

Organs of nervous system

A

Brain, spinal cord, nerves

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3
Q

Central nervous system

A

Brain and spinal cord. Receives impulses from all over the body, processes info in responds. Consists of both gray and white matter

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4
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

12 pairs of Cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves.

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5
Q

Neurons

A

a type of nervous tissue. Nerve cells capable of conducting electrical impulse. I have three basic parts: Dendrites, nerve cell body, and Axon

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6
Q

Dendrites

A

Highly branched projections that receipt impulses

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7
Q

Nerve cell body

A

Contains a nucleus and organelles

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8
Q

Axon

A

Conducts electrical impulse to designation

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9
Q

Synapse

A

Point where one axon of one neuron meets dendrite of the second neuron

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10
Q

Synaptic cleft

A

Gap between two neurons in a synapse. Electrical impulse cannot cross

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11
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

Chemical released by axon that crosses gap to stimulate dendrite of second neuron

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12
Q

Neuroglial cells

A

Variety of cells found a nervous tissue that have different support functions for neurons. Some produce myelin. Do not conduct electrical impulses

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13
Q

Myelin

A

Fatty substance that acts as insulation for many axons

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14
Q

Tracts

A

Bundles of nerve fibers interconnecting different parts of CNS

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15
Q

Gray matter

A

Comprised of unsheathed or uncovered cell bodies and dendrites

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16
Q

White matter

A

Myelinated nerve fibers

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17
Q

Brain

A

One of the largest organ in the body. Is the center for thoughts, memory, judgment, and emotions. Four sections include cerebellum, cerebrum, brainstem, and diencephalon

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18
Q

Cerebrum

A

Largest and upper section of brain. Processes thoughts, judgment, memory, association skills, and ability to discriminate between items. Composed into two cerebral hemispheres. Each hemisphere has four lobes

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19
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Outer layer of the cerebrum Composed of folds of gray matter

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20
Q

Gyri

A

Elevated portions of the cerebrum, or convolutions

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21
Q

Sulci

A

Fissures or valleys between gyri

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22
Q

Frontal lobe

A

Most anterior lobe of the cerebrum. Controls motor function, personality, and speech

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23
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Most superior portion of the cerebral. Receives and interprets nerve impulses and language

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24
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Most posterior part of cerebral. Control vision

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25
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Left and right lateral portion of cerebrum. Controls hearing and smell

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26
Q

Diencephalon

A

Located below cerebrum. Contains thalamus and hypothalamus

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27
Q

Thalamus

A

Center for relaying impulses from the eyes, ears, and skin to cerebrum. Controls perception of pain

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28
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Controls body temp, appetite, sleep, emotions, and sexual desire. Also controls autonomic nervous system, cardiovascular and gastrointestinal system, and release of hormones from pituitary gland

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29
Q

Cerebellum

A

Second largest portion of the brain beneath posterior part of cerebrum. Aids in coordinating voluntary Movement, maintaining balance, and refines muscular movements

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30
Q

Brain stem

A

Has three components: midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

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31
Q

Midbrain

A

Part of brain stem that acts as a pathway for impulses between brain and spinal cord

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32
Q

Pons

A

Means bridge, connect cerebellum To rest of the brain

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33
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

Most inferior portion of the brain that connects brain to the spinal cord

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34
Q

Brain ventricles

A

Cavities containing cerebrospinal fluid. Located one in each cerebral hemisphere, one in thalamus, and one in front of cerebellum

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35
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid

A

Clear watery fluid that provides shot protection for CNS

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36
Q

Spinal cord

A

Extends from medulla oblongata to second lumbar vertebra. Protected by cerebrospinal fluid that flows through central canal down through spinal cord. Outer portion of spinal cord is myelinated white matter

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37
Q

Vertebral column

A

33 vertebrae of back bone that forms a canal for the spinal cord. Also called spinal cavity or vertebral canal

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38
Q

Ascending tracts

A

Part of spinal cord that carries sensory information up to brain

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39
Q

Descending tracts

A

Carries motor commands down from brain to peripheral nerve

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40
Q

Meninges

A

A protective membrane sac that in cases entire CNS. Consists of Dura Mater, arachnoid layer, and pia Mater

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41
Q

Dura Mater

A

Means tough mother. Outer most, tough, fibrous sac around CNS

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42
Q

Subdural space

A

Empty space between dura mater and arachnoid layer

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43
Q

Arachnoid layer

A

Mean spider like. Thin, Delicate layer attached to Pia mater by web like filaments

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44
Q

Subarachnoid space

A

Between arachnoid layer and Pia mater. Contains cerebrospinal fluid

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45
Q

Pia Mater

A

Mean soft mother. Your most membrane layer applied directly to surface of brain

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46
Q

Cranial nerves

A

Arise from brain

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47
Q

Spinal nerves

A

Put off from spinal cord. One pair (left and right) Exit between each pair of vertebrae

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48
Q

Nerve

A

Bundle of axons fibers located outside CNS. Carries messages between CNS and various parts of body

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49
Q

Nerve root

A

Point where nerve is attached to CNS

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50
Q

Olfactory cranial nerve

A

I. Sense of smell

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51
Q

Optic nerve

A

II. Sense of sight

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52
Q

Oculomotor nerve

A

III. Controls eye muscles and pupil of eye

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53
Q

Trochlear nerve

A

IV. Controls oblique muscles of eye

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54
Q

Trigeminal

A

V. Facial sensation and controls muscles for chewing

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55
Q

Abducens

A

VI. Controls eyeball muscles to turn eye to side

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56
Q

Facial nerve

A

VII. Controls facial muscles for expression, celebrations, and taste on anterior tongue

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57
Q

vestibulocochlear

A

VIII. Sense of equilibrium and hearing

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58
Q

Glossopharyngeal

A

IX. Sensation from pharynx and taste on 1/3 of tongue

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59
Q

Vagus nerve

A

X. Supplies most organs in abdominal and thoracic cavities

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60
Q

Accessory nerve

A

XI. Controls and neck and shoulder muscles

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61
Q

Hypoglossal nerve

A

XII. Controls tongue muscles

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62
Q

Afferent neurons

A

Also called sensory neurons. CarrieS sensory information from sensory receptors to CNS

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63
Q

efferent neurons

A

Also called motor neurons, Carries activity instructions from CNS to muscles or glands

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64
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Controls involuntary bottle he functions Such as blood vessels, cardiac muscles, and glands. Divided into two branches: sympathetic and parasympathetic

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65
Q

Sympathetic branch

A

Stimulates body in times of stress and crisis. Increases heart rate, dilate airways, increases blood pressure, inhibits digestion, and stimulates production of adrenaline

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66
Q

Parasympathetic branch

A

Serves as a counterbalance for sympathetic nerves. Heart rate slows, blood pressure lowers, and stimulates digestion

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67
Q

Somatic nerves

A

Mainly involved with conscious activities of the body. Service again and skeletal muscles. Carries information from sensory receptors of skin such as touch, temperature, pressure, and pain and Carries motor commands to skeletal system

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68
Q

Cerebellar

A

Pertaining to cerebellum

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69
Q

Cerebral

A

Pertaining to cerebrum

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70
Q

Cerebrospinal

A

Pertaining to cerebrum and spine

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71
Q

Cranial

A

Pertaining to the skull

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72
Q

Encephalic

A

Pertaining to the brain

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73
Q

Intracranial

A

Pertaining to within the skull

74
Q

Medullary

A

Pertaining to medulla oblongata

75
Q

Meningeal

A

Pertaining to the meninges

76
Q

Myelonic

A

Pertaining to the spinal cord

77
Q

Neural

A

Pertaining to nerves

78
Q

Neuroglial

A

Pertaining to glial cells

79
Q

Pontine

A

Pertaining to the pons

80
Q

Spinal

A

Pertaining to the spine

81
Q

Subdural

A

Pertaining to under the Dura Mater

82
Q

Thalmic

A

Pertaining to Thalamus

83
Q

Ventricular

A

Pertaining to the ventricles

84
Q

Vertebral

A

Pertaining to the vertebrae

85
Q

Anesthesiology

A

Branch of medicine specializing in anesthesia including surgical procedures, recess a Tatian, and management of pain

86
Q

Neurology

A

Branch of medicine treating conditions of the nervous system

87
Q

Neurosurgery

A

Branch of medicine treating nervous system by surgical means

88
Q

Absence seizure

A

Epileptic seizure characterized by loss of awareness and absence of activity; formerly called petit mal

89
Q

Analgesia

A

Absence of pain

90
Q

Anesthesia

A

Lack of feeling or sensation

91
Q

Aphasia

A

Inability to communicate verbally or in writing

92
Q

Ataxia

A

Lack of muscle coordination

93
Q

Aura

A

Sensations occurring prior to epileptic seizure or migraines; such as seeing colors

94
Q

Cephalgia

A

A headache

95
Q

Coma

A

State of profound unconsciousness

96
Q

Conscious

A

Awake and aware of surroundings

97
Q

Convulsion

A

Alternating between strong involuntary muscle contractions and relaxions

98
Q

Delirium

A

Confusion, disorientation, and agitation

99
Q

Dementia

A

Impaired intellectual function

100
Q

Dysphasia

A

Difficulty communicating verbally or in writing

101
Q

Focal seizure

A

Seizure in only one limb or body part

102
Q

Hemiparesis

A

Weakness on one side of the body

103
Q

Hemiplegia

A

Paralysis on one side of the body

104
Q

Hyperesthesia

A

abnormally heightened sense of feeling, pain, or touch

105
Q

Monoparesis

A

Muscle weakness in a single limb

106
Q

Monoplegia

A

Paralysis of one limb

107
Q

Neuralgia

A

Nerve pain

108
Q

Palsy

A

Loss of ability to control movement

109
Q

Paralysis

A

Temporary or permanent loss of voluntary movement

110
Q

Paraplegia

A

Paralysis of lower portion of the body

111
Q

Paresthesia

A

Abnormal sensations such as burning or tingling

112
Q

Quadriplegia

A

Paralysis of all four limbs

113
Q

Seizure

A

Sudden, uncontrollable onset of symptoms; such as an epileptic seizure

114
Q

Semiconscious

A

Aware of surroundings only part of the time

115
Q

Syncope

A

Painting

116
Q

Tonic clonic seizure

A

Epileptic seizure was strong muscle spasms; formally called grand mal

117
Q

Tremor

A

Involuntary repetitive alternating movements

118
Q

Unconscious

A

Unaware of surroundings; unable to respond to stimuli

119
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A

Disorder characterized by progressive dementia, this orientation, apathy, and loss of memory

120
Q

Astrocytoma

A

Malignant tumor originating in astrocytes, a neuroglial cell

121
Q

Cerebellitis

A

Inflammation of cerebellum

122
Q

Cerebral aneurysm

A

Ballooning of cerebral artery; make a stroke

123
Q

Cerebral contusion

A

Bruising of brain from impact; symptoms last longer than 24 hours; include unconsciousness, dizziness, vomiting, and unequal pupils

124
Q

Cerebral palsy

A

Brain damage results from defect, trauma, or oxygen deprivation at time of birth

125
Q

Cerebrovascular accident

A

Infarct due to loss of blood supply to the brain; maybe due to hemorrhage, thrombus, embolus, or compression; a stroke

126
Q

Concussion

A

Mild traumatic brain injury from impact

127
Q

Encephalitis

A

Inflammation of brain

128
Q

Epilepsy

A

Seizures and loss of consciousness caused by uncontrolled electrical activity of brain

129
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

Accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within brain ventricles

130
Q

Migraine

A

Specific type of headache was severe pain, light sensitivity, dizziness, and nausea

131
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

Chronic disorder of brain with tremors, weakness, muscle ridgity, and shuffling gait

132
Q

Reyes syndrome

A

Acute encephalopathy and organ damage; follows a viral infection and associated with taking aspirin

133
Q

Transient ischemic attack

A

Temporary interference with blood supply to brain; may lead to a CVA

134
Q

Traumatic brain injury

A

Damage to the brain resulting from impact,blast waves, or a penetrating projectile

135
Q

Amyotropic lateral sclerosis

A

Do generation of motor neurons of spinal cord; also called Lou Gherig’s disease

136
Q

Meningocele

A

Protrusion of meninges Sack through opening left by spina bifida defect

137
Q

Myelitis

A

Inflammation of the spinal cord

138
Q

Myelomeningocele

A

Protrusion of meninges And spinal cord through opening left by spina bifida defect

139
Q

Poliomyelitis

A

Viral infection affecting spinal cord; Process may be mild and temporary or severe and permanent

140
Q

Spina bifida

A

Congenital defect where lamina of vertebra do not meet or close to form spinal canal

141
Q

Spinal cord injury

A

Damage to spinal cord due to trauma; permanent or not

142
Q

Bell’s palsy

A

One-sided face or paralysis due to inflammation of facial nerve caused by viruses

143
Q

Gillion-barrè syndrome

A

Temporary loss of Mylan sheath; maybe autoimmune; starts in legs and progresses up nervous system

144
Q

Multiple sclerosis

A

Loss of myelin sheath; results and weakness and numbness

145
Q

Myasthenia gravis

A

Muscular weakness and fatigue due to insufficient neurotransmitter at synapses

146
Q

Neuroma

A

Tumor of nerve or sheath around a nerve

147
Q

Neuropathy

A

General term for disease or damage to a nerve

148
Q

Polyneuritis

A

Inflammation of two or more nerves

149
Q

Radiculitis

A

Inflammation of a nerve root

150
Q

Radiculopathy

A

Condition caused by herniated disc putting pressure on a nerve root

151
Q

Shingles

A

Erruption of painful blisters on body along a nerve path; caused by herpes zoster virus

152
Q

Epidural hematoma

A

Mass of blood in space outside dura mater

153
Q

Meningoma

A

Tumor in the meninges

154
Q

Meningitis

A

Inflammation of the meninges

155
Q

Subdural hematoma

A

Mass of blood forming inside subdural space; due to a torn meningeal blood vessel; space occupying lesion

156
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid analysis

A

Examination of CSF; may detect infection and blood in the fluid

157
Q

Brain scan

A

Image of brain after injection of radioactive isotopes into bloodstream

158
Q

Cerebral angiography

A

X-ray of cerebral blood vessels after injecting radiopaque dye

159
Q

Echoencephalography

A

Ultrasound image of brain

160
Q

Myelogram

A

X-ray record of spinal cord

161
Q

Myelography

A

X-ray of spinal cord after injection of radiopaque dye into spinal canal

162
Q

Positron emission tomography

A

Use of positive radionuclides to construct an image of the brain; image of the old metabolic activity of the brain areas

163
Q

Babinski’s reflex

A

Reflex test that reveals nervous system lesions; performed by stroking sole of foot

164
Q

Electroencephalogram

A

Hardcopy record of brains electrical activity

165
Q

Electroencephalography

A

Records the electrical activity of the brain

166
Q

Lumbar puncture

A

Puncture to remove CSF for examination

167
Q

Nerve conduction velocity

A

Measures speed at which an impulse travels along a nerve; reveals nerve damage

168
Q

Nerve block

A

Anesthetic injection into nerve area to block nerve impulses on that nerve; used to treat chronic pain

169
Q

Carotid endarterectomy

A

Remove blockage of major artery in the neck that carries blood to brain by removing inner lining of the artery

170
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid shunts

A

Shunt carries CSF from ventricle to abdominal cavity; treat hydrocephalus

171
Q

Laminectomy

A

Remove part of the vertebra; relieves pressure on spinal nerve

172
Q

Neurectomy

A

Surgical removal of a nerve

173
Q

Neuroplasty

A

Surgical repair of a nerve

174
Q

Neurorrhaphy

A

Suture back together the connective tissue of a nerve

175
Q

Tractotomy

A

Surgical cut of nerve tract; treats severe chronic pain

176
Q

Analgesic

A

Treat minor to moderate pain; non narcotic

177
Q

Anesthetic

A

Produces loss of sensation or consciousness

178
Q

Anticonvulsant

A

Reduces nerve excitability to prevent seizures

179
Q

Dopaminergic drugs

A

Treat Parkinson’s disease

180
Q

Hypnotic

A

Promote sleep

181
Q

Narcotic analgesic

A

Treat severe pain

182
Q

Sedative

A

Calming or relaxing effect

Med term (15 decks)

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