blood and lymphatic system anatomy Flashcards
1
Q
Function of blood
A
transports substances throughout body
2
Q
organs of Blood system
A
formed elements (such as erythrocytes, platelets, and leukocytes) and plasma
3
Q
amount of blood average adult has
A
5 liters
4
Q
hematopoiesis
A
process of blood cell production in the red bone marrow
5
Q
plasma
A
is about 55% of blood and 90-92% water. the remaining portion is dissolved substances. Contains proteins (albumin, globulin, and fibrinogen) as well as minerals and waste
6
Q
Albumin
A
protein in plasma used to transport fatty substances
7
Q
Globulin
A
gamma globulins are antibodies
8
Q
fibrinogen
A
blood clotting protein in plasma
9
Q
Erythrocytes
A
structure is enucleated (no nucleus) and biconcave disk. hemoglobin give them their red color. they are responsible for oxygen transport in the body. has a lifespan of 120 days
10
Q
leukocytes
A
provide protection against pathogens. have a spherical shape with large nucleus. (8000 per cubic mm of blood)
11
Q
granulocytes
A
leukocytes that have granules in cytoplasm
12
Q
agranulocytes
A
leukocytes with no granules in cytoplasm
13
Q
basophils
A
granulocyte that releases histamine and heparin to damaged tissues
14
Q
eosinophils
A
granulocyte that destroys parasites and increase during allergic reaction
15
Q
neutrophils
A
granulocyte that are important for phagocytosis
16
Q
Monocytes
A
An agranulocyte important for phagocytosis
17
Q
Lymphocyte
A
Agranulocyte that provides protection through immunity
18
Q
Platelets
A
Critical in blood clotting (hemostasis). Agglutinate into small clusters one blood vessel is damaged which leads to the formation of thrombin. Thrombin reacts with prothrombin which converts fibrinogen to fibrin and results in the formation of mesh like blood clot
19
Q
Blood typing
A
Two possible rbc markers:
A type: anti-b antibodies
B type: anti-a antibodies
AB blood has no antibodies and o blood has both antibodies
20
Q
Universal donor
A
O blood
21
Q
Universal recipient
A
AB
22
Q
Rh+
A
Does not make anti rh antibodies
23
Q
Rh-
A
Produces anti-Rh antibodies
Can only receive Rh-
24
Q
Basophilic
A
Wbc that attracts a basic pH stain
25
Eosinophilic
Wbc that attracts a rosy red stain
26
Erythrocytic
A red blood cell
27
Fibrinous
Pertaining to having fibers
28
hematic
Pertaining to blood
29
Leukocytic
A white blood cell
30
Lymphocytic
Wbc formed in lymphatic tissue
31
Monocytic
Wbc with a single large nucleus
32
Neutrophilic
Wbc that attracts a neutral pH stain
33
Sanguinous
Pertaining to blood
34
Thrombocytic
A clotting cell, platelets
35
Hematology
Branch of medicine specializing in treatment of blood conditions
36
Blood clot
Hard collection of fibrin, blood cells, and tissue debris; end result of hemostasis
37
Coagulate
To convert a liquid into a solid
38
Dyscrasia
General term for disease affecting blood
39
Hematoma
Collection of blood under skin as a result of blood escaping into tissue from damaged blood vessels
40
Hemorrhage
Rapid flow of blood
41
Hemophilia
Genetic disorder; blood fails to clot due to lack of one clotting factor
42
Hyperlipidemia
Excessive level of lipids in the bloodstream; rest factor for atherosclerosis
43
Pancytopenia
Having too few of all blood cells
44
Septicemia
Having bacteria or their toxins in the bloodstream; also called blood poisoning
45
Anemia
Group of conditions characterized by a reduction in the number of RBCs or the amount of hemoglobin; results in less oxygen reaching tissues
46
Aplastic anemia
Severe anemia; red bone marrow starts making sufficient blood cells; may require bone marrow transplant
47
Erythrocytosis
Condition of having too many RBCs
48
Erythropenia
Condition of having to few RBCs
49
Hemolytic anemia
Results from destruction of RBCs
50
Hypochromic anemia
Results from insufficient amount of hemoglobin in RBCs; unable to transport sufficient oxygen
51
Iron deficiency anemia
Results from insufficient amount of iron to make hemoglobin for RBCs
52
Pernicious anemia
Insufficient absorption of vitamin B 12; unable to make enough RBCs
53
Polycythemia vera
Condition of having too many RBCs; blood is too thick and flows sluggishly
54
Sickle cell anemia
Genetic disorder where RBCs take on abnormal Sickle shape; become more fragile leading to hemolytic anemia
55
Thalassemia
Genetic disorder where there is inability to produce functioning hemoglobin
56
Leukemia
Cancer of white blood cell forming portion of red bone marrow; results in large number of abnormal and immature WBCs circulating in bloodstream
57
Leukocytosis
Condition of having too many WBCs
58
Leukopenia
Condition of having too few WBCs
59
Thrombocytosis
Condition of having too many platelets
60
Thrombopenia
Condition of having too few platelets
61
Blood culture and sensitivity
Blood is incubated to identify infecting bacteria and then test determines the best anabiotic to use
62
Complete blood count
Set of blood tests: RBC account, WBC count, hemoglobin, hemocrit, white blood cell differential, and platelet count
63
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
Determines rate at which RBCs settle in a test tube; indicates presence of inflammation in the body
64
Hematocrit
Measure the volume of RBCs
65
Hemoglobin
Measures amount of hemoglobin present
66
Platelet count
Determines number of platelets
67
Prothrombin time
Measures how long needed for blood to coagulate and form a clot
68
Red blood cell count
Measures number of RBCs
69
Red blood cell morphology
Examines RBCs for abnormalities in shape
70
Sequential multiple analyzer computer
Machine for doing multiple blood chemistry tests automatically
71
White blood cell count
Measures number of leukocytes
72
White blood cell differential
Determines the number of each type of wbc
73
Bone marrow aspiration
Sample of bone marrow removed by aspiration and examined for diseases such as leukemia and aplastic anemia
74
Phlebotomy
Incision into a vein in order to with draw blood for testing; also called venipuncture
75
Autologous transfusion
Collection in storage at patient’s own blood prior to actual need
76
Blood transfusion
Artificial transfer of blood into the bloodstream
77
Bone marrow transplant
Patient receives red bone marrow from donor after recipients own bone marrow has been destroyed
78
Homologous transfusion
Replacement blood with blood from another person
79
Packed red cells
Transfusion of only blood cells without plasma
80
Plasmapheresis
Removal of whole blood, separation of plasma from formed elements; formed elements returned to patient with donor plasma transfusion
81
Whole blood
Mixture of both plasma and formed elements
82
Anticoagulant
Prevents blood clot formation
83
Antihemorrhagic
Prevent bleeding
84
Antiplatelet agents
Interferes with action of platelets
85
Hematinic
Increases number of RBCs and hemoglobin
86
Thrombolytic
Dissolves existing clots
87
Functions of Lymphatic system
Network of vessels that picks up excess tissue fluid, cleanses it, and returns it to circulatory system. Also picks up fats absorbed by digestive system. Immune system fight diseases and infections
88
Organs of the lymphatic and immune system
Lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, thymus gland, spleen, tonsils
89
Lymph
Fluid within Lymphatic vessels
90
Lacteals
Vessels around the small intestine that assist with fat absorption by picking up absorb fats and delivering them to the circulatory system
91
Lymphatic vessels
One way pipes conducting length from tissues towards thoracic cavity; uses valves to prevent backflow
92
Lymph capillaries
Very small lymphatic Capillaries in tissues
93
Lymphatic ducts
Lymph drains into one of these two large ducts in thoracic cavity
94
Lymph nodes
Also called length of glands; composed of lymphatic tissue, and located along route of lymphatic vessels
Function to house lymphocytes and anti-bodies, remove pathogen and cell debris, and destroy cancer
95
Axillary
Armpits
| lymph nodes from axiliary region drain fluid from arm
96
Mediastinal
Chest; lymph nodes in this area drain fluid from chest
97
Inguinal
Groin; lymph nodes drain fluid from legs and pelvis
98
Tonsils
Act as filters to prevent invasion of pathogens. They are collections of lymphatic tissue on each side of the throat; contain large number of leukocytes
99
Spleen
Phagocytic microphages lining blood sinuses of spleen function to remove pathogens and worn out RBCs; spleen may be removed
100
Thymus gland
Essential for proper development of immune system, and assist body with immune function and development of anti-bodies. Located in mediastinum; secretes hormones call thymosin that changes lymphocytes to T lymphocytes. More active in children.
101
Immunity
Bodies ability to defend itself against pathogens
102
Natural immunity
Also called in the immunity, does not require prior exposure to pathogens
103
Passive acquired immunity
Result when a person receives protective substances produced by another human or animal such as maternal anti-bodies
104
Active acquired immunity
Developed following direct exposure to pathogens such as vaccinations
105
leukemia
cancer of white blood cell forming portion of red bone marrow; results in large number of abnormal and immature WBCs circulating in blood stream
106
leukocytosis
condition of having too many WBCs
107
leukopenia
condition of having too few WBCs
108
thrombocytosis
condition of having too many platelets
109
thrombopenia
condition of having too few platelets
110
blood culture and sensitivity
blood is incubated to identify infecting bacteria and then test determines best antibiotic to use
111
complete blood count
set of blood tests; RBC count, WBC count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, white blood cell differential, and platelet count
112
erythrocyte sedimentation rate
determines rate at which RBCs settle in a test tube; indicates presence of inflammation in the body.
113
hematocrit
measures volume of RBC's
114
antigens
disease causing agents
115
humoral immunity
antibody-mediated immunity that produces b lymphocytes. respond to antigens by producing an antibody
116
antigen-antibody complex
antibodies combine with antigen and prevents infectious agent from damaging healthy cells through phagocytosis
117
cellular immunity
involves production of natural killer cells which are cytotoxic (physically attack and destroy pathogenic cells)
118
Nosocomial infection
Acquired in hospital
119
Cross infection
Pathogen acquired from another person
120
Reinfection
Become infected again with the same pathogen
121
Self inoculation
Pathogens from one part of patient’s body spread to another part of body
122
The six standard precautions in a hospital
1. Wash hands before And after working with a patient
2. Wear gloves when in contact with anybody fluid, mucous membrane, or non-intact skin or if you have chapped hands, rash, or open sores
3. Wear non-permeable down or apron during procedures that expose body fluid
4. Wear mask and protective eyewear when patients are coughing or splashes are likely
5. Where facemask and eyewear seal face during procedures where body tissue is vaporized
6. Remove any shared appointment for proper cleaning that has come into contact with body fluid
123
Lymphangial
Pertaining to lymph vessels
124
Lymphatic
Pertaining to lymph
125
Splenic
Pertaining to the spleen
126
Thymic
Pertaining to the thymus gland
127
Tonsillar
Pertaining to the tonsils
128
Allergist
Physician who specializes in testing for and treating allergies
129
Immunology
Branch of medicine that treats infectious diseases and other disorders of the immune system
130
Pathology
Branch of medicine determining underlying causes and development of diseases
131
Hives
Appearance of wheals as part of allergic reaction
132
Inflammation
Tissues response to injury; redness, pain, swelling, and feeling hot to touch
133
Lymphedema
Excessive tissue fluid due to blocked lymphatic flow
134
Splenomegaly
enlarged spleen
135
Urticaria
Severe itching associated with hives
136
Allergy
Hypersensitivity to a common substance; substance is called an allergen
137
Anaphylactic shock
Life-threatening condition from severe allergic reaction; circulatory and respiratory problems occur; also called anaphylaxis
138
Adenoiditis
Inflammation of the adenoids
139
Autoimmune disease
Disease resulting from immune system attacking its own body as it a pathogen
140
Elephantiasis
Inflammation obstruction of lymph vessels; results in enlarged tissues due to edema
141
Hodgkin’s disease
Cancer of the lymphatic cells found in concentration in lymph nodes
142
Lymphadenitis
Inflammation of lymph nodes; commonly called swollen glands
143
Lymphadenopathy
General term for lymph node disease
144
lymphphangioma
Tumor in a lymphatic vessel
145
Lymphoma
Tumor in lymphatic tissue
146
Mononucleosis
Acute viral infection with large number of atypical lymphocytes
147
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Cancer of the lymphatic tissues other than Hodgkin’s lymphoma
148
Thymoma
Tumor of the thymus gland
149
Tonsillitis
Inflammation of tonsils
150
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
Defect in cell mediated immunity; result of final stages of HIV infection
151
AIDS related complex
Early stages of AIDS; mild symptoms; weight loss, fatigue, anorexia
152
Graft vs. host disease
Complication of bone marrow transplant; immune cells from bone marrow attack recipients body
153
Human immunodeficiency virus
Virus that causes AIDS; known as a retrovirus
154
Immunocompromised
Immune system that does not function properly; also called immunodeficiency disorder
155
Kaposi’s sarcoma
Skin cancer seen in aids patients; brownish purple skin lesions
156
Opportunistic infections
Infections appearing in immunocompromised person
157
Pneumocystis pneumonia
Common in aids patients; an opportunistic infection
158
Sarcoidosis
Autoimmune disease; forms fibrous lesions in multiple organs of the body
159
Severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome
Genetic disorder; born without a functioning immune system
160
Enzyme linked immunoabsorbent assay
Blood test for antibody to aids virus; positive test means person has been exposed to a virus
161
Western blot
Used as a back up to ELISA Test for HIV
162
Lymphangiogram
X-ray record of lymphatic vessels
163
Lymphangiography
X-ray taken of lymphatic vessels after injection of dye
164
Monospot
Test for mono
165
Scratch test
Allergy testing in which body is exposed to allergens through light scratch in skin
166
Immunotherapy
Patient receives immunoglobulin injection or antibodies to treat a disease
167
Vaccination
Exposure to weaken pathogen to stimulate immune response; person will then be able to fight off pathogen if exposed to it in the future
168
adenoidectomy
Surgical removal of adenoids
169
Lymphadenectomy
Surgical removal of a lymph node; done to test for malignancy or metastasis
170
Splenectomy
Surgical removal of spleen
171
Thymectomy
Surgical removal of thymus gland
172
Tonsillectomy
Surgical removal of tonsils
173
Antihistamine
Blocks histamine release during allergic reaction
174
Corticosteroids
Anti-inflammatory; used to treat auto immune diseases
175
Immunosuppressants
Blocks immune system; prevents rejection of transplant
176
Protease inhibitor drugs
Inhibits protease, enzyme needed for viruses to reproduce
177
Reverse transcriptase inhibitor drugs
Inhibits reverse transcriptase, enzyme needed for viruses to reproduce
