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Med term > Endocrine Anatomy > Flashcards

Endocrine Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Function of endocrine system

A

secrete hormones to regulate body activities

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2
Q

Organs of Endocrine system

A

adrenal glands
ovaries pituitary glands
pancreas thymus gland
parathyroid glands testes
pineal gland thyroid gland

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3
Q

hormones

A

chemicals that act on target organs to increase or decrease target’s activity level; instrumental in maintaining homeostasis

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4
Q

Exocrine glands

A

release secretions into duct that carries them to outside of body

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5
Q

Endocrine glands

A

release hormones directly into bloodstream, have no ducts, ductless glands

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6
Q

Adrenal glands

A

two glands located above each kidney; composed of adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla. secretes corticosteroids and adrenaline (epinephrine)

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7
Q

adrenal cortex

A

secretes corticosteroids (mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, steroid sex hormones)

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8
Q

Mineralocorticoid

A

regulates sodium and potassium levels (aldosterone)

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9
Q

glucocorticoid

A

regulates carbohydrates (cortisol)

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10
Q

steroid sex hormones

A

androgen, estrogen, and progesterone. regulates secondary sex characteristics

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11
Q

adrenal medulla

A

inner portion of adrenal glands that secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine. increase heart rate, blood pressure, and resp. rate during emergency situations

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12
Q

ovaries

A

secrete female sex hormones estrogen and progesterone

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13
Q

estrogen

A

responsible for sex characteristics and regulation of menstrual cycle

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14
Q

progesterone

A

maintains suitable uterine environment

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15
Q

pancreas

A

organ has both endocrine and exocrine funtions. releases digestive enzymes through duct in duodenum (exo) and produces insulin and glucagon in islets of langerhans (endo)

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16
Q

insulin

A

produced by beta cells to stimulate body cells to take in glucose from bloodstream

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17
Q

glucagon

A

produced by alpha cells and stimulates liver to release shored glucose into bloodstream

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18
Q

Parathyroid glands

A

Secrete parathyroid hormone (pth) To regulate level of calcium in the blood stream. If calcium levels fall too low the parathyroid hormone will stimulate bone break down

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19
Q

Pineal gland

A

A small pine cone shaped gland that is part of the thalamus region of the brain. Secretes melatonin which plays a role in Cicardian rhythm

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20
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Small marble shapes gland underneath brain. Divided into anterior and posterior lobes. Regulated by hypothalamus.

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21
Q

Anterior pituitary

A

referred to as master gland. Secretes growth hormone (also called somatotropin), prolactin to stimulate milk production, and melanocyte stimulating hormone which produces melanin. Also produces thyroid stimulating hormone which regulates function of the thyroid gland
And adenocorticotropin Which regulates function of adrenal cortex

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22
Q

Gonatropins

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone: responsible for development of ova and sperm; causes ovary to secrete estrogen

Luteinizing hormone: stimulates secretion of sex hormones, helps release ova

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23
Q

Antidiuretic hormone

A

Also called Vassopressin. Promotes water reabsorption by the kidney tubules

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24
Q

Oxytocin

A

Stimulates uterine contractions and release of milk

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25
Q

Posterior pituitary

A

Secretes anti-diuretic hormone and oxytocin

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26
Q

Testes

A

2 oval glands in scrotum that secrete testosterone

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27
Q

Thymus gland

A

Located in the mediastinum. Heart of immune system and secretes thymosin.Present at birth and grows largest during puberty. Is eventually replaced with adipose tissue

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28
Q

thymosin

A

Essential for growth and development of thymic lymphocytes or T cells

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29
Q

Tyroid gland

A

Located on either side of the trachea, is divided into right and left lobe’s and resembles a butterfly. Secretes Calcitonin, thyroxine and triiodothyronine

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30
Q

Thyroxine and triiodothyronine

A

Thyroid hormones that need iodine. Regulate energy production and adjust metabolic rate

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31
Q

Calcitonin

A

Thyroid hormone that regulates level of calcium in the blood stream. If calcium in the blood is too high calcitonin levels increase and calcium is deposited into bone

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32
Q

Basal metabolic rate

A

Minimum rate of metabolism necessary to support function of the body at rest. Its action is opposite to the parathyroid hormone

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33
Q

Adrenopathy

A

General term for adrenal gland disease

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34
Q

Endocrinopathy

A

General term for disease involving endocrine gland

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35
Q

Exophthalmos

A

Protruding eyeballs

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36
Q

Glycosuria

A

Sugar in urine

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37
Q

Gynecomastia

A

development of breast tissue in male

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38
Q

Hirsutism

A

Excessive amount of hair

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39
Q

Hypercalcemia

A

Excess of calcium in the blood

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40
Q

Hyperkalemia

A

Excessive potassium in blood

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41
Q

Hypersecretion

A

Excessive hormone production by endocrine gland

42
Q

Hyponatremia

A

Insufficient sodium in the blood

43
Q

Polydipsia

A

Excessive feeling of thirst

44
Q

Polyuria

A

Producing an excessive amount of urine

45
Q

Syndrome

A

Group of symptoms and signs That combine to present a clinical picture of disease or condition

46
Q

Thyromegaly

A

enlarged thyroid gland

47
Q

Addison’s disease

A

Hyposecretion of adrenal cortex; symptoms include generalized weakness and weight loss

48
Q

Adrenal feminization

A

Hypersecretion of estrogen by adrenal cortex in males; develops female secondary sexual characteristics

49
Q

Adrenal virilism

A

Hypersecretion of testosterone develops mail secondary sexual characteristics

50
Q

Adrenalitis

A

Inflammation of adrenal cortex

51
Q

Cushing’s syndrome

A

Hypersecretion of adrenal cortex; symptoms include a weakness, edema, excessive hair growth, and osteoporosis

52
Q

Pheochromocytoma

A

Hypersecretion of epinephrine by adrenal medulla tumor usually benign; symptoms include anxiety, heart palpitations, dyspnea , and headache

53
Q

Diabetes mellitus

A

Chronic disorder of carbohydrate metabolism

54
Q

Diabetic retinopathy

A

Accumulation of damage to right now; complication of diabetes Mellitus

55
Q

Insulinoma

A

Islets of Langerhans tumor; excessive amount of insulin

56
Q

Ketoacidosis

A

Acidosis due to excess of acidic keytone bodies; serious complication of diabetes

57
Q

Peripheral neuropathy

A

Damage to nerves and lower legs and hands as a result of diabetes

58
Q

Hyperparathyroidism

A

Hypersecretion of parathyroid hormone

59
Q

Hypoparathyroidism

A

Hyposecretion of parathyroid hormone

60
Q

Recklinghausen disease

A

Hypersecretion of parathyroid hormone; causes degeneration of bones

61
Q

Tetany

A

Nerve irritability and painful muscle cramps due to hypocalcemia; maybe caused by hypoparathyroidism

62
Q

Acromegaly

A

Chronic hypersecretion of growth hormone and adults; causes enlargement meant of bones of head and extremities

63
Q

Diabetes insipidus

A

Hyposecretion of antidiuretic hormone; Symptoms include polyuria and polydipsia

64
Q

Dwarfism

A

Hypersecretion of growth hormone in children

65
Q

Gigantism

A

Hypersecretion of the growth hormone and child; results and very tall adults

66
Q

Hyperpituitarism

A

Hypersecretion of one or more pituitary hormones

67
Q

Hypopituitarism

A

Hyposecretion of one or more pituitary hormones

68
Q

Panhypopituitarism

A

Hyposecretion of all pituitary hormones; Results and problems with the glands controlled by pituitary gland

69
Q

Thymitis

A

Inflammation of thymus

70
Q

Thymoma

A

Tumor in thymus gland

71
Q

Congenital hypothyroidism

A

Lack of thyroid hormones may result in arrested physical and mental development

72
Q

Goiter

A

Enlarged thyroid gland

73
Q

Graves’ disease

A

Hypersecretion of thyroid symptoms include exophthalmos and goiter

74
Q

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

A

Autoimmune destruction of thyroid; results in hyposecretion disorder

75
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A

Hypersecretion of thyroid

76
Q

Myxedema

A

Hypersecretion disorder an adult; sometimes include anemia, edema, and mental lethargy

77
Q

Thyrotoxicosis

A

Marked hypersecretion; symptoms include rapid heart rate, tremors, thyromegaly, and weight loss

78
Q

Adenocarcinoma

A

Cancerous tumor in gland that produces hormones secreted by that gland resulting hypersecretion pathologies

79
Q

Blood serum test

A

Measures level of substances, such as calcium, glucose, or hormones in blood

80
Q

Fasting blood sugar

A

Glucose after 12 hour fast

81
Q

Glucose tolerance test

A

Measures blood sugar for several hours after person drinks large dose of glucose

82
Q

Protein-bound iodine test

A

Measures t4 blood level; iodine in the hormone becomes bound to blood proteins

83
Q

Radioimmunoassay

A

Measures level of hormones in blood

84
Q

thyroid function test

A

Measures levels of t3, t4 and tsh in blood

85
Q

Total calcium

A

Measures calcium in blood; used to diagnose parathyroid or bone disorders

86
Q

Two hour postprandial glucose tolerance test

A

Evaluates glucose metabolism; patient needs high carb diet then fasts overnight

87
Q

Thyroid echography

A

Ultrasound examination of thyroid gland

88
Q

Tyroid scan

A

Nuclear medicine image based on accumulation of radioactive iodine in thyroid gland

89
Q

Chemical thyroidectomy

A

Large dose of radioactive iodine is given to kill a portion of the thyroid gland; avoid surgery

90
Q

Glucometer

A

Measures glucose

91
Q

Hormone replacement therapy

A

And ministering replacement hormones; treats hyposecretion disorders

92
Q

Adrenalectomy

A

Removal of adrenal gland

93
Q

Laproscopic adrenalectomy

A

Removal of adrenal gland through laparoscopic incisions

94
Q

Lobectomy

A

Removal of a lobe of thyroid gland

95
Q

Thymectomy

A

Surgical removal of thymus gland

96
Q

Antithyroid agents

A

Blocks production of thyroid hormones

97
Q

Corticosteroids

A

Replaces adrenal cortex hormones

98
Q

Human growth hormone therapy

A

Replaces growth hormone

99
Q

Insulin

A

Treat type one diabetes

100
Q

Oral hypoglycemic agents

A

Decreases blood sugar in type two diabetics

101
Q

Thyroid Replacement hormone

A

Replaces thyroid hormones

102
Q

Vasopressin

A

Treat diabetes insipidus

Med term (15 decks)

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