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Endocrine Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Function of endocrine system

A

secrete hormones to regulate body activities

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2
Q

Organs of Endocrine system

A

adrenal glands
ovaries pituitary glands
pancreas thymus gland
parathyroid glands testes
pineal gland thyroid gland

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3
Q

hormones

A

chemicals that act on target organs to increase or decrease target’s activity level; instrumental in maintaining homeostasis

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4
Q

Exocrine glands

A

release secretions into duct that carries them to outside of body

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5
Q

Endocrine glands

A

release hormones directly into bloodstream, have no ducts, ductless glands

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6
Q

Adrenal glands

A

two glands located above each kidney; composed of adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla. secretes corticosteroids and adrenaline (epinephrine)

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7
Q

adrenal cortex

A

secretes corticosteroids (mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, steroid sex hormones)

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8
Q

Mineralocorticoid

A

regulates sodium and potassium levels (aldosterone)

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9
Q

glucocorticoid

A

regulates carbohydrates (cortisol)

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10
Q

steroid sex hormones

A

androgen, estrogen, and progesterone. regulates secondary sex characteristics

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11
Q

adrenal medulla

A

inner portion of adrenal glands that secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine. increase heart rate, blood pressure, and resp. rate during emergency situations

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12
Q

ovaries

A

secrete female sex hormones estrogen and progesterone

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13
Q

estrogen

A

responsible for sex characteristics and regulation of menstrual cycle

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14
Q

progesterone

A

maintains suitable uterine environment

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15
Q

pancreas

A

organ has both endocrine and exocrine funtions. releases digestive enzymes through duct in duodenum (exo) and produces insulin and glucagon in islets of langerhans (endo)

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16
Q

insulin

A

produced by beta cells to stimulate body cells to take in glucose from bloodstream

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17
Q

glucagon

A

produced by alpha cells and stimulates liver to release shored glucose into bloodstream

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18
Q

Parathyroid glands

A

Secrete parathyroid hormone (pth) To regulate level of calcium in the blood stream. If calcium levels fall too low the parathyroid hormone will stimulate bone break down

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19
Q

Pineal gland

A

A small pine cone shaped gland that is part of the thalamus region of the brain. Secretes melatonin which plays a role in Cicardian rhythm

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20
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Small marble shapes gland underneath brain. Divided into anterior and posterior lobes. Regulated by hypothalamus.

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21
Q

Anterior pituitary

A

referred to as master gland. Secretes growth hormone (also called somatotropin), prolactin to stimulate milk production, and melanocyte stimulating hormone which produces melanin. Also produces thyroid stimulating hormone which regulates function of the thyroid gland
And adenocorticotropin Which regulates function of adrenal cortex

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22
Q

Gonatropins

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone: responsible for development of ova and sperm; causes ovary to secrete estrogen

Luteinizing hormone: stimulates secretion of sex hormones, helps release ova

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23
Q

Antidiuretic hormone

A

Also called Vassopressin. Promotes water reabsorption by the kidney tubules

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24
Q

Oxytocin

A

Stimulates uterine contractions and release of milk

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25
Posterior pituitary
Secretes anti-diuretic hormone and oxytocin
26
Testes
2 oval glands in scrotum that secrete testosterone
27
Thymus gland
Located in the mediastinum. Heart of immune system and secretes thymosin.Present at birth and grows largest during puberty. Is eventually replaced with adipose tissue
28
thymosin
Essential for growth and development of thymic lymphocytes or T cells
29
Tyroid gland
Located on either side of the trachea, is divided into right and left lobe’s and resembles a butterfly. Secretes Calcitonin, thyroxine and triiodothyronine
30
Thyroxine and triiodothyronine
Thyroid hormones that need iodine. Regulate energy production and adjust metabolic rate
31
Calcitonin
Thyroid hormone that regulates level of calcium in the blood stream. If calcium in the blood is too high calcitonin levels increase and calcium is deposited into bone
32
Basal metabolic rate
Minimum rate of metabolism necessary to support function of the body at rest. Its action is opposite to the parathyroid hormone
33
Adrenopathy
General term for adrenal gland disease
34
Endocrinopathy
General term for disease involving endocrine gland
35
Exophthalmos
Protruding eyeballs
36
Glycosuria
Sugar in urine
37
Gynecomastia
development of breast tissue in male
38
Hirsutism
Excessive amount of hair
39
Hypercalcemia
Excess of calcium in the blood
40
Hyperkalemia
Excessive potassium in blood
41
Hypersecretion
Excessive hormone production by endocrine gland
42
Hyponatremia
Insufficient sodium in the blood
43
Polydipsia
Excessive feeling of thirst
44
Polyuria
Producing an excessive amount of urine
45
Syndrome
Group of symptoms and signs That combine to present a clinical picture of disease or condition
46
Thyromegaly
enlarged thyroid gland
47
Addison’s disease
Hyposecretion of adrenal cortex; symptoms include generalized weakness and weight loss
48
Adrenal feminization
Hypersecretion of estrogen by adrenal cortex in males; develops female secondary sexual characteristics
49
Adrenal virilism
Hypersecretion of testosterone develops mail secondary sexual characteristics
50
Adrenalitis
Inflammation of adrenal cortex
51
Cushing’s syndrome
Hypersecretion of adrenal cortex; symptoms include a weakness, edema, excessive hair growth, and osteoporosis
52
Pheochromocytoma
Hypersecretion of epinephrine by adrenal medulla tumor usually benign; symptoms include anxiety, heart palpitations, dyspnea , and headache
53
Diabetes mellitus
Chronic disorder of carbohydrate metabolism
54
Diabetic retinopathy
Accumulation of damage to right now; complication of diabetes Mellitus
55
Insulinoma
Islets of Langerhans tumor; excessive amount of insulin
56
Ketoacidosis
Acidosis due to excess of acidic keytone bodies; serious complication of diabetes
57
Peripheral neuropathy
Damage to nerves and lower legs and hands as a result of diabetes
58
Hyperparathyroidism
Hypersecretion of parathyroid hormone
59
Hypoparathyroidism
Hyposecretion of parathyroid hormone
60
Recklinghausen disease
Hypersecretion of parathyroid hormone; causes degeneration of bones
61
Tetany
Nerve irritability and painful muscle cramps due to hypocalcemia; maybe caused by hypoparathyroidism
62
Acromegaly
Chronic hypersecretion of growth hormone and adults; causes enlargement meant of bones of head and extremities
63
Diabetes insipidus
Hyposecretion of antidiuretic hormone; Symptoms include polyuria and polydipsia
64
Dwarfism
Hypersecretion of growth hormone in children
65
Gigantism
Hypersecretion of the growth hormone and child; results and very tall adults
66
Hyperpituitarism
Hypersecretion of one or more pituitary hormones
67
Hypopituitarism
Hyposecretion of one or more pituitary hormones
68
Panhypopituitarism
Hyposecretion of all pituitary hormones; Results and problems with the glands controlled by pituitary gland
69
Thymitis
Inflammation of thymus
70
Thymoma
Tumor in thymus gland
71
Congenital hypothyroidism
Lack of thyroid hormones may result in arrested physical and mental development
72
Goiter
Enlarged thyroid gland
73
Graves’ disease
Hypersecretion of thyroid symptoms include exophthalmos and goiter
74
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
Autoimmune destruction of thyroid; results in hyposecretion disorder
75
Hyperthyroidism
Hypersecretion of thyroid
76
Myxedema
Hypersecretion disorder an adult; sometimes include anemia, edema, and mental lethargy
77
Thyrotoxicosis
Marked hypersecretion; symptoms include rapid heart rate, tremors, thyromegaly, and weight loss
78
Adenocarcinoma
Cancerous tumor in gland that produces hormones secreted by that gland resulting hypersecretion pathologies
79
Blood serum test
Measures level of substances, such as calcium, glucose, or hormones in blood
80
Fasting blood sugar
Glucose after 12 hour fast
81
Glucose tolerance test
Measures blood sugar for several hours after person drinks large dose of glucose
82
Protein-bound iodine test
Measures t4 blood level; iodine in the hormone becomes bound to blood proteins
83
Radioimmunoassay
Measures level of hormones in blood
84
thyroid function test
Measures levels of t3, t4 and tsh in blood
85
Total calcium
Measures calcium in blood; used to diagnose parathyroid or bone disorders
86
Two hour postprandial glucose tolerance test
Evaluates glucose metabolism; patient needs high carb diet then fasts overnight
87
Thyroid echography
Ultrasound examination of thyroid gland
88
Tyroid scan
Nuclear medicine image based on accumulation of radioactive iodine in thyroid gland
89
Chemical thyroidectomy
Large dose of radioactive iodine is given to kill a portion of the thyroid gland; avoid surgery
90
Glucometer
Measures glucose
91
Hormone replacement therapy
And ministering replacement hormones; treats hyposecretion disorders
92
Adrenalectomy
Removal of adrenal gland
93
Laproscopic adrenalectomy
Removal of adrenal gland through laparoscopic incisions
94
Lobectomy
Removal of a lobe of thyroid gland
95
Thymectomy
Surgical removal of thymus gland
96
Antithyroid agents
Blocks production of thyroid hormones
97
Corticosteroids
Replaces adrenal cortex hormones
98
Human growth hormone therapy
Replaces growth hormone
99
Insulin
Treat type one diabetes
100
Oral hypoglycemic agents
Decreases blood sugar in type two diabetics
101
Thyroid Replacement hormone
Replaces thyroid hormones
102
Vasopressin
Treat diabetes insipidus

Med term (15 decks)

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