Digestive System Flashcards
1
Q
Function of digestive system
A
Mechanical and chemical digestion of food, absorption of nutrients molecules, elimination of solid waste
2
Q
Organs of the Gastrointestinal tract
A
Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, colon
3
Q
Digestive system accessory organs
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Pancreas, liver, gallbladder, salivary glands
4
Q
Palate
A
Top of oral cavity, has a bony anterior and a soft, flexible posterior
5
Q
Uvula
A
Hanging down from soft palate, Aids in speech production and location of gag reflex
6
Q
Oral cavity
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Covered in a mucous membrane. Mechanically breaks up food by chewing and mixes with saliva, which contains Amalase, to digest food
7
Q
Cutting teeth
A
Incisors and cuspids
8
Q
Grinding teeth
A
Bicuspids and molars
9
Q
Enamel
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Outer covering and crown only, is the hardest substance in tooth
10
Q
Dentin
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Under enamel and crown and root. It’s bulk of tooth
11
Q
Pulp cavity
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In crown and root canals, blood vessels, nerves
Cementum and periodontal ligaments anchor root in jawbone
12
Q
Deciduous teeth
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Baby teeth, 20
13
Q
Permanent teeth
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32 adult teeth
14
Q
Esophagus
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Chute from oral cavity to stomach
15
Q
Peristalsis
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Wavelike muscular movements; can push food through esophagus
16
Q
Chyme
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Watery mix of food and digestive juices
17
Q
Stomach parts
A
Fundus: upper part
Body: main section
Antrum: lower part
Rugae: Folds in stomach lining that stretch out to allow stomach to expand with food
18
Q
Lower esophageal sphincter
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Keeps food from backing up into esophagus
19
Q
Pyloric sphincter
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Allows highly acidic chyme to enter small intestine
20
Q
Small intestine
A
Absorbs water, average is 20 feet, has 3 parts
21
Q
Duodenum
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First section of small intestine that starts at the pyloric sphincter and is about 10 to 12 inches long
22
Q
Jejunum
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Second section of small intestine about 8 feet long
23
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Ileum
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Third section about 12 feet long, connects to colon at ileocecal valve
24
Q
Large intestine
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Fluid that remains after digestion and absorption enters colon. Consists of ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid colon
25
Salivary glands
Saliva and food make a bolus, Saliva contains amalase which begins digestion of carbs
26
Three pairs of salivary gland’s
Parotid gland, sublingual gland, and submandibular
27
Liver
Processes nutrients and detoxifies harmful substances. Produces bile
28
Emulsification
Break up large fat globules into small droplets
29
Gallbladder
Stores bile, common bile duct carries bile to duodenum
30
Pancreas
Secretes digestive juices such as buffers, which neutralized acidic chyme, and enzymes that digest macromolecules
31
Dentistry
Branch of healthcare that treats conditions involving the teeth, jaws, and mouth
32
Gastroenterology
Branch of medicine involved in treating disorders of digestive system
33
Oral surgery
Branch of dentistry that uses surgical means to treat dental conditions
34
Orthodontics
Branch of dentistry concerned with correction of problems with tooth alignment
35
Periodontics
Branch of dentistry that treats conditions involving gums and tissues surrounding the teeth
36
Proctology
Branch of medicine involved in Treatment of diseases of the anus and rectum
37
Anorexia
Loss of appetite with other condition; different from anorexia nervosa
38
Aphagia
Being unable to swallow or eat
39
Ascites
Collection of fluid in peritoneal cavity
40
Bradypepsia
Having a slow digestive system
41
Cachexia
Loss of weight and wasting occurring during chronic disease
42
Cholecystalgia
Gallbladder pain
43
Dentalgia
Tooth pain
44
Dysorexia
Having an abnormal, usually diminished, appetite
45
Dyspepsia
Indigestion; having an upset stomach
46
Dysphagia
Having difficulty swallowing or eating
47
Emesis
Vomiting
48
Gastralgia
Stomach pain
49
Hematemesis
Vomiting blood
50
Hematochezia
Passing Bright red blood in stools
51
Hyperemesis
Excessive vomiting
52
Jaundice
Yellow cast to skin; caused by deposit of bile pigments; often caused by liver disease
53
Melena
Passage of dark tarry stool, due to digested blood
54
Polyphagia
Excessive eating
55
Postprandial
After a meal
56
Pyrosis
Stomach acid splashing into esophagus; heartburn
57
Regurgitation
Backflow of stomach contents into mouth
58
Apthous ulcers
Ulcers in the mouth; commonly called canker source
59
Dental caries
Cavity
60
Herpes labialis
Herpes simplex virus type one infection; fever blisters or cold sores
61
Periodontal disease
Disease of supporting structures around the teeth; especially the gums; most common cause of tooth loss
62
Sialadenitis
Inflammation of a salivary gland
63
Esophageal varices
Varicose vein’s in the esophagus; hemorrhaging occurs if rupture
64
Gastroesophageal reflux disease
Acid from the stomach flows backwards up into esophagus causing inflammation and pain
65
Pharyngoplegia
Paralysis in throat muscles
66
Gastroenteritis
Inflammation of the stomach and small intestine
67
Hiatal hernia
Protrusion of stomach through diaphragm into thoracic cavity; also called diaphragmatocele
68
Peptic ulcer disease
Ulcer in the lower portion of esophagus, stomach, and or duodenum; caused by high acid of stomach juices
69
Anal fistula
abnormal passageway from surface directly into rectum; around anal opening
70
Bowel incontinence
Inability to control defecation
71
Colorectal carcinoma
Malignant tumor in the colon or rectum
72
Crohn’s disease
Chronic inflammatory bowel disease, primarily in ileum or colon, results in scarring
73
Diverticulitis
Inflammation of a diverticulum, and out pouching off the colon; Results from food being trapped inside
74
Diverticulosis
Condition of having diverticula, may lead to diverticulitis
75
Dysentery
Diarrhea with mucus and blood, severe abdominal pain, and fever; caused by contaminated food or water
76
Enteritis
Inflammation of small intestine
77
Hemorrhoids
Varicose veins in anal region
78
Ileus
Severe abdominal pain, inability to defecate, abdominal distention; caused by intestinal blockage
79
Inguinal hernia
Protrusion of a loop of bowel through abdominal muscle and into groin region; may become incarcerated or strangulated if muscle pinches the loop of Bowel
80
Intussusception
One part of intestine slips or telescopes into another section
81
Irritable bowel syndrome
Disturbance and function of intestine for unknown reasons; causes abdominal cramping and alternating diarrhea and constipation; also called functional bowel syndrome
82
Polyposis
Having polyps, tumor with a stem-like attachment, growing on the mucous membrane of the colon; may become cancerous
83
proctoptosis
prolapse or drooping rectum
84
ulcerative colitis
chronic inflammatory condition with numerous small ulcers on the lining of the colon; also called inflammatory bowel disease
85
volvulus
bowel twists upon itself causing an obstruction
86
cholecystitis
inflammation of gallbladder
87
cholelithiasis
presence of gallstones
88
hepatitis
inflammation of liver; usually due to viral infection
89
cirrhosis
chronic liver disease due to liver failure
90
alanine transaminase
normal enzyme in the bloodstream; increased levels indicate liver disease
91
aspartate transaminase
normal enzyme in bloodstream; increased levels indicate liver disease
92
fecal occult blood test
examines feces fro microscopic amounts of blood; also called hemocrit
93
ova and parasites
examination of feces for presence of parasites or eggs
94
serum bilirubin
determines amount of bilirubin in bloodstream; indicates liver disease
95
stool culture
culture of feces to look for presence of pathogenic bacteria
96
bite wing x-ray
x-ray of teeth with film holder held in the teeth
97
cholecystogram
x-ray record of gallbladder
98
intravenous cholecystography
x-ray of gallbladder and bile ducts after intravenous injection of dye
99
lower gastrointestinal series
x-ray of colon and rectum after barium dye injected via an enema; also called a barium enema
100
percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography
x-ray of liver and bile duct after dye is injected into liver
101
upper gastrointestinal series
x-ray of esophagus, stomach, and duodenum after swallowing barium; also called barium swallow
102
endoscopic retrograde cholangiopan-creatography
visual examine inside hepatic duct, common bile duct, and pancreatic duct
103
esophagogastro-duodenoscopy
using a scope to view inside the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum
104
gastroscope
instrument used to visually examine the stomach
105
laparoscope
instrument used to visually examine inside of abdominal cavity
106
sigmoidoscopy
process of visually examining inside of sigmoid colon
107
paracentesis
insertion of needle into abdominal cavity to withdraw fluid
108
bridge
dental appliance attached to adjacent teeth to replace missing teeth
109
crown
artificial tooth to replace original crown
110
implant (tooth)
prosthetic device in jaw to anchor a tooth
111
root canal
drilling out of pulp cavity of a tooth; used to save a badly infected tooth
112
gavage
placing liquid nourishment via nasogastric tube
113
lavage
washing out stomach using a nasogastric tube
114
total parenteral nutrition
providing 100% of patient nutrition; used when patient is unable to eat
115
anastomosis
surgical creation of a connection b/w two organs; like joining together two sections of colon
116
appendectomy
surgical removal of appendix
117
bariatric surgery
surgical procedure to treat morbid obesity
118
cholecystectomy
surgical removal of gallbladder
119
choledocholithotripsy
surgical crushing of a gallstone in the common bile duct
120
exploratory laparotomy
surgical procedure to examine the abdominal organs
121
gastrectomy
removal of stomach
122
gastric stapling
procedure to close off large section of stomach with rows of staples; results in much smaller stomach
123
gastrostomy
surgical procedure to create a new opening into the stomach through abdominal wall
124
hemorrhoidectomy
surgical removal of hemorrhoids
125
laparoscopic cholecystectomy
surgical removal of gallbladder through a laparoscopic incision
126
laparotomy
to cut into the abdominal cavity
127
palatoplasty
surgical repair of the palate
128
pharyngoplasty
surgical repair of pharynx
129
proctopexy
surgical fixation of the rectum and anus
130
anorexiant
suppresses appetite to treat obesity
131
antacid
neutralizes stomach acid
132
antidiarrheal
used to control diarrhea
133
antiematic
treats nausea and vomiting
134
antivirals
treat herpes simplex infection
135
h2 receptor antagonist
blocks the production of stomach acid
136
laxative
stimulates bowel movements
137
proton pump inhibitors
blocks stomachs ability to secrete acid
